Public Policy (PUBP)

550 Topics in Public Policy (1-3:3:0). Focuses on selected topics in public policy not covered in fixed-content public policy courses.

601 Theory and Practice of Regional Economic Development (3:3:0). Focuses on traditional theories of economic development (economic base, growth pole, infrastructure investment, location theory, central place theory) as well as nontraditional perspectives, emphasizing application of theory to practice through case studies.

602 Regional Economic Development and Technology (3:3:0). Introduces students to the role of technology in economic development policy and practice. Examines the processes of technological development and change in enterprises and collaboration among industry, government, and academic institutions through case studies.

605 State and Local Government Policy and Economic Development Examination of state and local government policies and processes designed to promote local economic development including: institutional arrangements, financing and tax incentives, non-financial strategies and approaches, land use, environmental and other relevant regulations, and relationships across government and non-governmental organizations.

650 Peace Operations I (3:3:0). The first course of a two-semester sequence on international peace operations. Focuses on the emerging theory of peace operations, including peace making activities of the United Nations and other diplomatic initiatives; peace building activities of international organizations and nongovernmental organizations; and peace support provided by international militaries.

651 Peace Operations II (3:3:0). The second course of a two-semester sequence on international peace operations. Focuses on the application of the emerging theory of peace operations, including peace making activities of the United Nations and other diplomatic initiatives; peace building activities of international organizations and nongovernmental organizations; and peace support provided by international militaries. Several guest lectures from past and present peace operations provide practical information for future staff of peace operations.

705 Advanced Statistical Methods in Policy Analysis (3:3:0). Prerequisite: MNPS(PP) 704 or equivalent. Classical regression methods and their application to public policy analysis. Simple and multiple regression, analysis of variance, time series, and simultaneous equation structural models. The problems associated with applications include specification error, multicollinearity, qualitative variables, heteroskedasticity, serial correlation, and structural identification. The course allows students to develop analysis skills by discussing sample empirical studies and models using advance statistical computer software.
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706 Environmental Decisions: Modeling Rational Judgment (3:3:0). Prerequisite: PUBP 705. Discusses decision aids for environmental or other policy makers to make and defend decisions soundly and economically. Integrates public policy and environmental science with decision analysis; i.e., prescriptive models that quantify the knowledge and values a person or institution does (or should) bring to bear on a decision. Simple aids, based on decision theory, are applied to real consulting cases.

709 Research Design and Writing (3:3:0). A course designed to help a student revise a draft scholarly paper into a form that would be acceptable in a refereed public policy journal. Focuses on how to find a researchable question, identify appropriate methods, build a bibliography, outline an argument, find supporting evidence, etc.

710 Topics in Public Management and Policy (1-3:3:0). Taught workshop style. Most class meetings involve an initial presentation by the professors or visiting speakers, followed by a one-hour forum exploring the implications of the presentation for leadership in contemporary society. Presentations range from disciplinary perspectives on leadership to the examination of different leadership styles. The workshop explores diverse aspects of leadership, especially as it applies to regional economic development. The course is highly interactive and involves regular participation by several faculty and students.

711 Rational Choice and Uncertainty: Modeling Judgment (3:3:0). Introduces the basics of decision analysis. Examines quantitative modeling of judgment to aid evaluation of perplexing or controversial options involving conflicting objectives or outcomes. The course also covers assessing uncertainty about events and quantities, directly and indirectly; changing uncertainty in the light of new evidence; gathering information before making a decision; and combating alternative ways of making the same judgment. Topics apply to public policy, personal, legal, medical, and other decisions.

712 Policy Systems Analysis and Management Science (3:3:0). Introduces students to analytical models and analysis that can be applied to support decisions. The primary emphasis is on understanding the techniques of operation research/management science, cost benefits, and cost effectiveness for public decision making. The mathematical details of the algorithms used to solve the models are not emphasized except as they contribute to understanding the reliability and validity of these methodologies. Through case studies and computer solutions, students should gain an appreciation of when, where, and how to use the models. Finally, students demonstrate their understanding of these techniques by applying them to a term research project on a government program.

713 Policy and Program Evaluation (3:3:0). Examines how the programs of public agencies are proposed, established, operated, and evaluated. Covers the role of research in the program evaluation process, including alternative methodologies for policy assessment. Considers demand estimation, the supply and pricing of publicly produced goods and services, and the role of subsidies in nonmarket environments.

720 Managerial Economics and Policy Analysis (3:3:0). Introduction to microeconomics theory and its application in analyzing public policy issues. The course is intended to provide the student with the capability to understand economic literature and theories.

721 Transportation Economics (3:3:0). Provides a basis for understanding the economics of the transport system and how transportation relates to urban and regional development. The course treats transport generically, but includes case studies of specific modes.

722 Practicum in Transportation Policy, Operations, and Logistics (3:3:0). Engages students in an in-depth field study of ongoing transportation policy, operations, or logistics situations, and the design and delivery of actions to manage or resolve problems and opportunities. The range of application areas for these practica depends jointly on the particular interests of the student body and opportunities faculty identify for "clients" or real-world projects. Illustrative domain areas include surface transportation (highways and transit), airports, and aviation.

723 Metropolitan Transportation Policy (3:3:0). Recent changes in federal legislation have led to renewed importance for transportation policy and planning. Considerations of clean air, economic development, congestion management, and changing urban form have greatly increased the importance of well-planned transportation facilities and policies. This course introduces students to basic methods of transportation policy analysis and evaluation. Some specific topics include data collection, simplified demand estimation techniques, transportation choice modeling, transportation supply analysis, and ex-ante and ex-post evaluation methods.

725 International Transportation Logistics (3:3:0). The increasing internationalization and globalization of markets is producing new challenges for transportation services. The challenges are not only in terms of offering efficient and effective freight transportation options, but also in terms of the international movement of people both as part of international trade and as part of direct consumer services such as tourism. Technology shifts have created new supply conditions to meet the new demands of international commerce that transcend transportation to embrace communications. The changes are also embedded in new institutional structures, including liberalized regulatory regimes and the emergence of international bodies such as the WTO that are beginning to influence the trade in transportation services themselves. This course is concerned with making an efficient match between these new demands on transportation and the ways they can be met. Topics covered embody a multidisciplinary approach to international transportation logistics drawing on economics, law, information technology, and network analysis. Subjects covered include international supply-chain management, global performance indicators, international inter-modal transportation, air-freight logistics, new technologies, and border-crossing issues.

726 Telecommunications Policy (3:3:0). Prerequisites: none This course examines salient issues associated with Telecommunications and Electronic Commerce in the context of public policy questions facing decision makers - in government, education and business. Examples: privacy, electronic signatures, digital divide, bandwidth auctions, IP telephony, CRM, Bluetooth, Internet taxation, etc.

730 National Policy Systems and Theory (1-4:3:0). Provides aninquiry into the policy-making environment, organized around the U.S. federal system. The seminar examines the nation's policy systems and its key components: the actors, institutions of governance, outside groups, and other influential interests. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamic character of policy making. Inaddition, different policy theories are discussed in the context of current political realities.

731 Macroeconomic Policy Assessment (3:3:0). Covers monetary theory, theories of consumption and saving, budget deficits, economic growth, international finance, and monetary and fiscal policy. Investigates national income and product accounts, savings, employment, and investment, as well as alternatives to Keynesian principles. Evaluates theories of inflation, investment, capital accumulation, and non-proportional growth.

736 E-Commerce and the Digital Divide (3:3:0). The "digital divide" refers to the uneven distribution of information technology services, especially telephony and Internet connectivity, among citizens. Since Internet deployment is heavily skewed toward more wealthy users, this disparity has become a major focus for national policy discussion and debate. This course discusses many of the ongoing policy issues involved, including universal access to the Internet (global, national, regional, and local) and equality of use in areas such as online delivery of government services, privacy, online voting, e-government, and others. The course also focuses on efforts to ameliorate the digital divide sponsored by major multilateral agencies like the World Bank and the United Nations, since developing nations represent about 80 percent of the population but have only 5 percent of Internet capacity and usage.

737 Cases and Concepts in E-Government (3:3:0). Electronic government has become a significant public policy issue worldwide. It offers the prospect of dramatic improvements in the delivery of government services, but also portends major debate about government intrusion. This course covers the emerging public policy issues associated with electronic government: job displacement in the public sector, privacy, procurement and supply chain management, voter profiling, scope of government services, challenges to "digital democracy," Internet-based voting, land management, the "digital divide," and others.

740 Topics in Public Policy: Science and Technology (1-3:3:0). Focuses on selected topics in public policy not covered by fixed-content public policy courses. Selected topics relate to science and technology.

741 U.S. Financial Policy Processes and Procedures (3:3:0). This course examines the executive financial and budget management processes in the federal and state government systems, as well as parallel processes in the other nonprofit sectors, including management control, financial statements, cost accounting, control structures, performance reporting, and management information systems for fiscal control.

743 National Security Management and Policy (3:3:0). Examines hierarchies in national security from the president to the military establishment, including the National Security Council, the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CINCs (Commander-in-Chiefs of the Unified and Specified Commands), and the intelligence agencies. Covers policies involving national defense, peacekeeping operations, embargoes and other sanctions, defense conversion, and military acquisition policy. Also covers significant legislation affecting national security, such as the National Security Act of 1947 and the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986.

744 Federal Institutions and Management (3:3:0). Covers management and policy in the federal government. This course examines policy problems within the context of the national system of governance, including the political environment, the evolution and constitutional framework of American government, the U.S. Congress, the executive branch from the White House to the agencies, and the role of interest groups and political parties. Special attention is given to the implementation of legislation, the regulatory process, and intergovernmental relations.

750 History of Military Operations Other than War (3:3:0). Focuses on the history of military activity in support of noncombat missions. Uses historical examples of the early days of the United States and colonial histories of Western and Eastern powers. This course also touches on the use of military force in support of multinational peace operations.

751 International Police Operations (3:3:0). Analyzes the role of international police monitors and domestic police forces in international peace operations. Focuses on how using international police monitors and developing indigenous law enforcement capabilities can improve the prospects for success of international peace operations. Examines the origins, mandates, planning, and deployment of international civilian police forces, the problems of coordinating these international police operations with international military forces and local security forces, the international role in developing democratically oriented police forces, the relationship of police to the entire judicial system, and the need to continue assistance to all parts of the judicial system beyond the initial intervention.

760 Science and Technology Policy in the 21^st Century (3:3:0). This course investigates the roles dynamic scientific research and technological innovation play in contemporary society. It focuses specifically on the design and analysis of alternative public policies intended to influence the rate and direction of technological change in societies, and on the use of scientific and technical knowledge in public policy making more generally. The course uses historical and international comparative approaches to assess the politics and pragmatics of science and technology policy. Included in the course is material from the fields of policy evaluation and analysis, as well as from organization theory, the economics of innovation, and the sociology of science and technology. Applications focus on areas of concern to the "new economy," such as biotechnology, networked telecommunications and computing, and the globalization of technology-based production.

761 Social Capital and Public Policy (3:3:0). This course looks at the literature on social capital, including many classic works like Tocqueville's Democracy in America that, in effect, made use of the concept long before sociologist James Coleman brought it into wider use in the 1980s. One of the objectives of the seminar is to address questions such as the following: Is the concept merely a passing intellectual fad, or is social capital in fact a useful concept for understanding political and economic behavior? Are there measures of social capital, and if so, what are they? Can the concept be plugged into economic models? Can social capital be introduced to improve our ability to fashion or improve specific social policies in the areas of crime, education, family, social welfare, and the like?

762 Social Institutions and Public Policy (3:3:0). The limited government involvement in social policies changed drastically during the 1960s, with an explosion of social programs designed to ameliorate poverty, reduce crime, eliminate racial segregation, and to generally lessen the adverse consequences of these conditions. These new social policies affect many institutions, including the family, schools and colleges, the criminal justice system, and government agencies themselves. Many of these policies have been controversial, with debates over their efficacy and whether they have cured or exacerbated the social problems they were designed to alleviate. This course examines the evolution and status of selected American social policies, including civil right policies, education reform, family policy, crime prevention, and other topics that can be chosen by students. Readings and discussions on policy issues are linked to readings and discussions on social theories and value systems that underpin these social policies.P)

770 Topics in Regional and Urban Development Policy (1-3:3:0). A seminar exploring the concept of leadership and institutional development in regional economic development. The first part involves presentations by faculty members on conceptual, theoretical, and methodological traditions regarding leadership and institutional development. The last part focuses specifically on the issue of leadership in the context of regional economic development.

771/SYST 691 Introduction to Enterprise Engineering: Engineering and Policy (4:3:1). Prerequisite: INFS 614, or equivalent. This course provides an overview of Extended Enterprise Integration. Lectures focus on the SAP architecture and the R/3 standard software solution. Laboratory requires students to complete an end-to-end implementation project with the Great Plains Software midrange ERP solution, Dynamics C/S +. For modeling, students must demonstrate complete proficiency in the Architecture of Information Systems (ARIS) methodology, and the supporting ARIS Toolset.

772/SYST 693 Decision Support for Enterprise Integration (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 542 and SYST 691. Lectures focus on the use of "Business Intelligence" to enhance competitive advantage; developing an information driven set of controls to improve profitability; and emphasize the creation of a balanced business with aligned corporate direction and strategic intent. Solutions provided within ERP systems are examined.

773/SYST 693 Supply Chain Integration and Management (Business-to Business Electronic Commerce) (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 691. Lectures focus on two issues: Supply chain integration from an information technology perspective, and supply chain management from a decision support perspective. The motivation for the course is the merging of enterprise computing with operations research, primarily through customer/supply chain management systems. Topics include ERP/Web integration, advanced planning, and customer relationship management.

774/SYST 694 E-Commerce Architectures (Business-to-Consumer Electronic Commerce) (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 691. Introduction to the network and system architectures that support high volume business to consumer web sites and portals. Course provides insight into the structure of the modern web enabled storefront. Critical business and technology issues include Storage Area Networks (SANs), server clustering, load balancing techniques at the server and network level, fault tolerance, and recovery of database and application servers.

775/SYST 695 Economics of Electronic Commerce (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 691. Focuses on gaining competitive advantage through Electronic Commerce implementation; the identification and growing of new market opportunities, as well as the electronic enabling of existing business relationships; business-to-consumer relationships, as well as the economics of strategic procurement, ERP hosting, customer relationship management, catalog hosting, portal operations, and supplier management.

776/SYST 696 Customer Relationship Management (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 691. Focuses on the "front office" and its integration with the "back office." The modern world of eCommerce extends intra-enterprise integration [as implemented in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems] to include external constituents, such as customers, partners, and suppliers. Course is focused on modern system support for the Demand Chain, and the value creation process that results from integrating the front office systems (e.g., CRM) with the back office systems (ERP).

777/SYST 697 Crirical Information Technology Infrastructures (3:3:0). Prerequisite: SYST 694. Design and implementation of high-speed network and application services in support of modern Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Critical technologies include high-speed data communication, switched vs. routed data flow, workflow engines, business rule and web application servers, and load balancing technologies. A large-scale web enabled ERP system architecture will be examined in detail.

780 Evolution of the Washington Metropolitan Economy (3:3:0). Explores the evolution and future of the Washington metropolitan area economy, its historical context, the role of federal spending, tourism, the technology sector, international business, regional organizations, local government policies, and forecasts. The course evaluates the development patterns in the District of Columbia, Northern Virginia, and suburban Maryland.

785 Urban Development Economics (3:3:0). Examines the changing structure and functions of the urban economy and develops the skills and knowledge for evaluating and remedying conditions inhibiting local economic development. The course includes case studies of redevelopment strategies, programs, and outcomes for inner-city neighborhoods, central and suburban business districts, waterfronts, and surplus military bases.

796 Directed Readings and Research (1-3:3:0). Independent reading and research at the doctoral level on a specific topic related to public policy as agreed to by a student and a faculty member.

800 Culture and Policy (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Provides a comparative overview of institutions and culture, focusing on the ways that the United States is exceptional when compared with other mature industrial societies. It presents culture and social structure as explanatory variables in accounting for these differences. It is also intended to give an overview of the analytical methods used in comparative public policy research, and to provide background on the political environment in which international trade and investment decisions are made. This course is intended primarily for first-year doctoral students in public policy. It may also be taken, with a reduced set of requirements, by master's students in the international commerce and policy program as ITRN 502.

801 Macro Policy (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Demonstrates how macroeconomic, technological, demographic, and social forces affect the supply and demand for governmental services. Counterpart analysis of the impact of shifts in the patterns of international trade, the demographic composition of the population, and trends in the social structure are also examined. The course is intended to build an awareness of the need to factor alternative assumptions about the macro environment into policy planning; to show how macro events can affect both social welfare and policy performance indicators; and to suggest how national income accounting analysis and simple macroeconomic models can help to pinpoint impending trouble spots for public policy.

802 The Logic of Policy Inquiry (1-4:3:0). Prerequisite: Enrollment in doctoral program in public policy. Defines policy research problems, questions, and hypotheses. Explores modes of policy research, analysis, and rhetoric, including interdisciplinary research strategies. The course uses information sources to emphasize written communication of policy research results. The course also discusses professional practice issues.

804 Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Public Policy (4:3:0). Prerequisite: MNPS(PP) 704 or equivalent. This courseexplores the multivariate techniques of contingency table analysis, reliability and validity assessment, factor analysis and scaling, multivariate regression and path analysis, the analysis of variance and covariance, and other selected multivariate techniques. Emphasis is on applying these techniques to real policy data using sophisticated statistical packages.

805 Public Policy Systems and Theory (4:3:0). Prerequisite: PUBP 730 or equivalent. An inquiry on an advanced level into the national and international policy-making environment, with special emphasis on the dynamic character of the political arena. The seminar examines policy systems and their key components: the major actors, institutions of governance, and the influence of outside groups, political parties, and special interests.

806 Advanced Management Science for Public Organizations (4:3:0). Prerequisite: PUBP 712 or equivalent. The primary emphasis is to understand the techniques of operations research/management science, cost benefits and cost effectiveness for public policy decision-making. Some familiarity with elementary calculus and linear algebra will help the students understand the mathematical basis of algorithms used to solve models, and to help understand the reliability and validity of these techniques. Case studies and computer solutions are used to help the student understand when and how to use OR models.

807 Advanced Qualitative Research: Theory and Methods (4:3:0). Prerequisite: SOCI 530, SOCI 634, or equivalent. A course in advanced qualitative social research to prepare students who intend to use qualitative methods in their public policy PhD dissertations. Methods covered include ethnography, the theory and practice of survey research, case study, discourse analysis.

808 Advanced Economic Analysis for Policy Research (4:3:0). Prequisite: PUBP 720 or equivalent. This course aims to build analytical skills in the use of economic analysis for policy modeling. It is designed for graduate students in public policy with competence in elementary calculus and matrix algebra. The course will review basic mathematical techniques and then cover basic consumer theory, demand estimation and forecasting, production theory, technological change and productivity analysis, market structure and competition, capital budgeting and the role of the public sector.

810 Theory and Methods in Regional Policy I (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Introduces and critiques the theory and methods used in regional policy analysis. Students learn about central place theory, growth pole theory, and economic base theory, as well as other theoretical constructs used in regional policy analysis. Further, methodological tools such as regional econometric modeling, multiobjective programming, shift-share analysis, economic base analysis, location quotient analysis, and input-output analysis are also introduced and examined. Finally, selected current regional public issues are examined using the theoretical and methodological constructs introduced in the first part of this course.

811 Theory and Methods in Regional Policy II (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). The second of two semesters of required concentration seminar sequence in regional development policy. Only students who have participated in the first semester of this sequence (i.e., PUBP 810) are admitted. In this seminar, students develop research papers that investigate some element or aspect of regional policy, with the goal of producing publishable papers. The students develop the focus of their papers based on work carried out in the first semester, and are expected to prepare a two-page proposal, followed by a detailed proposal and finally, the completed paper. Each of these are critiqued in the seminar, which is organized to conform to this process of review and critique. The instructor works with each of the students individually, as well as in the seminar sessions.

817 Policy Research Topics: Transportation Policy (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). This research workshop examines the development of policy research and relevant methodologies linked directly to faculty and student interests. Students identify cutting-edge policy concerns and execute a research program. The four-credit version of this course requires a discussion section and a research laboratory.

820 Technology, Science, and Public Policy I (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). The first of a two-semester core seminar sequence required for Ph.D. public policy students in the science and technology policy concentration. Covers literature relevant to science and technology policy. This core sequence begins with the postulate that technology has become a major casual force in the contemporary world. This seminar looks at the key formulations of the relationship of science, technology, and public policy.

821 Technology, Science, and Public Policy II (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). The second of a two-semester core seminar sequence in the science and technology policy concentration. Students develop research papers that investigate some element or aspect of science and technology policy. The course helps students identify and develop topics with the goal of producing publishable papers.

833 Topics in Public Policy (1-4:3:0). Focuses on selected topics in public policy not covered in fixed-content public policy courses.

840 Research Seminar in Policy Governance I (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Surveys the major institutions that formulate and implement public policy in the United States. The seminar examines linkages between the translation of public preferences into public policy and decisions about the societal and economic functions that are most appropriately carried out by governments and those that are best accomplished by private institutions and individuals. The four-credit course requires a discussion seminar and research laboratory.

841 Research Seminar in Policy Governance II (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). The second of a two-semester sequence (PUBP840, 841) in the governance and public management policy concentration. Studies the division of responsibilities among the several levels of government and between the public and private sectors. The seminar focuses on the impact of these divisions on the development of public policy in several policy areas, such as urban governance, environmental policy, and health care.

850 Seminar in Public Policy (1:1:0). A weekly colloquium series, required of public policy Ph.D. students. Features a variety of speakers from universities, government, and nonprofit sectors. Topics include policy formulation and analysis, as well as theoretical and methodological foundation.

853 Ethics/Legal Issues and Social Action (1-4:3:0). Provides an inquiry into the ethical and moral issues in public policy. Explores issues that are controversial and often confusing to public policy makers, such as health care, secrecy in government, surrogate motherhood, and disability. Perspectives are national as well as global, and deal with the impact of culture and politics on ethical dilemmas confronting society. The course also looks at the processes by which specific ethical systems are incorporated into governing bodies. Larger issues, such as war and peace, "just" and "unjust" wars, capital punishment, medical and legal ethics, and communitarian vs. individual liberties are also included, with an emphasis on how they affect public policy.

860 Social Theory and Public Policy (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Introduces social theory and how it affects public policy. Major theoretical frameworks in the social sciences are analyzed in relation to the role they can play in the formulation of public policies in such selected areas as poverty and inequality, the family, education, crime and drugs, and race and ethnicity.

861 Research Seminar in Culture and Policy (2:2:0 to 4:3:1). Emphasizes the integration of theory and method into empirical research projects. Among the issues covered are the linkage between theoretical constructs and empirical literature, the derivation of research questions from an existing body of literature, and the selection of methods appropriate to answer those questions. The seminar requires both the development of concrete proposals for empirical research and the criticism of such proposals.

870 Organizational and Policy Aspects of Informatics (1-4:3:0). Examines the effects of informatics on national and international policy; setting international policy on informatics; ethical and social change in governments and organizations; shaping national policy in informatics; industry growth; and research methods from various scientific disciplines.

871 Organizational Processes and Technology (1-4:3:0). Prerequisite: PUBP 870. Introduces the modern vertically- and horizontally-integrated organization. Focuses on the modern managerial policy aspects of creating, integrating, and managing modern information technology-enabled public and private sector organizations.

880 Global and International Public Policy (4:3:0). This course explores the multiple dimensions of globalization and internationalization relative to public policy processes and consequences. Its aim is to offer substantive insight into contemporary public policy dynamics from a global and comparative perspective. Accordingly, it examines a broad range of international cultural, political, technological, and economic policy issues, and their interactions and implications at all levels of analysis. The course engages relevant theoretical and methodological approaches and debates in order to provide students with tools for analyzing various world problems and policies.

881 International Trade Policy (4:3:0). This course addresses international trade theory, trade policy analysis, regional economic integration, and the institutional arrangements governing world trade. It covers the World Trade Organization (including its constituent agreements in the areas of goods, services, intellectual property and trade-related investment measures), regional trade agreements such as NAFTA, dispute settlement regimes, and the relations between trade and the environment.

882 International Financial Policy (4:3:0). This course addresses the theory of international finance, its application to financial policy such as exchange rate regimes, and the institutions of international finance. It covers the operations of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the development of the European Monetary Union, and the debate over "international financial architecture."

998 Research/Proposal for Dissertation (1-9:0:0). Requires work on a research proposal that forms the basis for a doctoral dissertation. May be repeated, although no more than 24credits of PUBP 998 and 999 may be applied to doctoral degree requirements.

999 Dissertation (1-9:0:0). Requires research on an approved dissertation topic under the director on dissertation committee. May be repeated, although no more than 24 credits of PUBP 998 and 999 may be applied to doctoral degree requirements.