Conflict Analysis and Resolution (CONF)
Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution
Unless otherwise noted, all nondepartmental majors and extended study students require permission of instructor to register for graduate-level CONF classes.
101 Conflict and Our World (3:3:0) Brief history of field, survey of key conflict resolution themes and theories, and intervention methods. Overview includes general factors of conflict and its resolution; and nature of conflict in interpersonal, group, organizational, and international situations.
300 Conflict Resolution Techniques and Practice (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 101 and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Advanced consideration of CONF 101 topics, introduction of core notion of reflective practice, conflict resolution techniques, practice, third party roles, and ethics.
301 Research and Inquiry in Conflict Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 101 and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Introduces social science research methods at undergraduate level. Covers basic epistemology of social research, including quantitative and qualitative methods, emphasizing participatory action research, and evaluation and assessment work.
302 Identity Conflicts and their Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 101 and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Covers deeply rooted, intractable, or protracted social conflicts around core issues of identity, including race, ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. Explores cultural, symbolic, and discursive approaches to identity conflict.
320 Interpersonal Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 101 and 300, and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Covers conflict at micro level, introducing theories drawn from various disciplines including psychology, anthropology, and conflict resolution. Uses readings, case studies, and role plays to develop ability to analyze and intervene in interpersonal conflicts. Also prepares for further course work for interpersonal conflict concentration.
330 Community, Group, and Organizational Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 101, 300, and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Covers conflict at mezzo level, introducing theories of social harmony and conflict, drawing on sociology, social psychology, community psychology, organizational psychology, administration of justice, philosophy, and conflict resolution. Uses case studies, class presentations, and group projects to develop ability to analyze conflict and make recommendations for change. Also prepares for further course work for community and organizational conflict concentration.
340 Global Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 100, 300, and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Covers conflict at macro level, introducing theories of international and global violence and conflict, drawing from disciplines of international relations, political science, intercultural communication, and conflict resolution. Covers impact of globalization, and structural causes of conflict. Uses class discussions, case studies, and final paper to develop analytical skills to help in analysis of conflict. Prepares for further course work for international conflict concentration.
385 International Field Experience (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 101, and permission of instructor. Investigates conflict theory through international field experience including participation in formally organized course offered by Center for Global Education or another form of international field experience approved by program director. May be repeated for up to 6 credits.
393 Philosophy, Conflict Theory, and Violence (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 101 or permission of instructor. Examines causes, sources, and origins of group violence with particular attention to group violence of ethnicity conflict. Explores alternative proposals that explain why violence becomes primary, or at least viable, form of revolving conflict in some societies.
399 Special Topics in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0)Examines selected topics relating to analysis or resolution of conflict. Topics vary but may include historical examination of conflict, social issues stemming from conflict, ethical issues in intervention, globalization, human rights, sources of conflict, or relationship of particular identity domains to conflict. May be repeated for up to 9 credits if topics vary.
490 Integration (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 101 and degree status. Capstone course in which students reflect on what they have learned, integrating knowledge from course work and synthesizing it to cogent body of knowledge. Includes class discussion and final project that demonstrates understanding of conflict theory and reflective practice.
499 Independent Research in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (1-3:0:0) Prerequisites: CONF 101 and 60 credits; or permission of instructor. Readings and research conducted on individual basis in consultation with instructor. Student may not present more than 3 credits for graduation credit.
501 Introduction to Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite or corequisite for all MS CONF majors. Introduces field of conflict analysis and resolution. Examines definitions of conflict and diverse views of its “resolution.” Explores thinking about human behavior, and social systems as they relate to origins of conflict and role of conflict in violent and peaceful social change. Considers appropriate responses to conflict at interpersonal, intergroup, industrial, communal, and international levels.
502 Intensive Introduction to Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0) Introduces field of conflict analysis and resolution and its broad range of approaches to analyzing and resolving conflict, including consideration of interpersonal, community, and large-scale intergroup conflict.
595 Selected Topics (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501. Topics vary each semester, and are announced each academic year.
601 Theories of Conflict and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Examines major social scientific theories of conflict. Emphasizes need for theories to inform ability to resolve conflict. Weaves together ideas from conventional disciplines with new approaches, especially to causes of deep-rooted conflict. Focuses on analysis as a tool.
610 Philosophy and Methods of Conflict Research (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Introduces research design, including use of theory to define problem; exploring research approaches; gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data. Latter includes field observation; field experiments; lab experiments (simulations); surveys and sampling techniques; and archival, documentary, and literature resources. Quantitative techniques include theories of measurement (numerical and ordinal scales); distributions; and analysis techniques (chi-square, correlating, factor analysis). Briefly introduces philosophies, limits of science.
611 MS Research II (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 and 610. Builds on CONF 610. Guides students through design, execution, interpretation, analysis, presentation, and evaluation of field research in conflict, resolution.
642 Integration of Theory and Practice (3:3:0) Taken in last semester of master student course work. Assists in developing students’ own generic theory of conflict by reviewing, integrating prior course work. Students expected to demonstrate holistic comprehension by writing major essay of publishable quality about causes, events, and resolution of conflict of their own choosing.
650 Conflict Analysis and Resolution Advanced Skills (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers innovative practices such as narrative mediation, conflict coaching, and conflict conferencing; and innovative technologies such as positive connotation, appreciative inquiry, circular questions, and stakeholder mapping.
651 Conflict Analysis and Resolution for Collaborative Leadership in Community Planning (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers designing collaborative processes to work with diverse stakeholders to build meaningful and lasting shared agreements. Considers applications in land use, development, or other community planning contexts.
652 Conflict Analysis and Resolution for Prevention, Reconstruction, and Stabilization Contexts (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Considers conflict analysis and resolution approaches to designing, implementing, and evaluating holistic cross-sectoral, conflict-sensitive initiatives in areas of potential violence and post-conflict reconstruction and stabilization contexts.
653 World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or502. Analyzes ways world religions play role in conflict, war, diplomacy, peace making and conflict resolution.
656 Integrating Complementary Approaches in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or502. Considers designs and methods for conflict analysis and resolution that integrate multiple approaches, stakeholders, and methods. Applies to social conflicts in local and international contexts.
657 Facilitation Skills (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers range of skills in group facilitation processes, with emphasis on conflict analysis and resolution approaches to improve group communication. Includes skill-building exercises.
658 Diversity in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers elements of cultural diversity, understanding and awareness; and creative ways of approaching issues of diversity, identity, worldviews, and territory. Considers individuals, organizations, communities and nations.
659 Leadership in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers roles and styles of leadership in interpersonal, organizational, community, group, and international conflicts. Considers cultural roles of leaders as insider- partials, negotiators, facilitators, and mediators.
660 Conflict Assessment and Program Evaluation (3:3:0) Prerequisite or corequisite: CONF 501 or 502. Covers assessment methods appropriate to conflict contexts, and related evaluation approaches and techniques for use in areas of peace building, community processes, or interpersonal conflict.
668 Applied Integration for Graduate Certificates (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 501 or 502; CONF 660; and CONF 650,651,652 or 653. Capstone course facilitating integration of learning in the graduate certificate programs, and appropriate mentored application and experiential learning.
690 Practicum in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (6:1:5)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, and 713; 714 or 715 recommended but not required. Two semesters, 3 credits per semester. In-depth field study of ongoing conflict situations, and design and delivery of intervention processes to manage or resolve conflicts.
694 Internship (1-6:0:1-6) Prerequisite: 21 credits, including CONF 713 and 714. CONF 715 recommended. Under direction of clinical coordinator, students spend at least 160 hours on project involving study, resolution of conflict. Students are expected to mesh theory and practice through observation and experience. Includes comprehensive report analyzing experiences.
695 Selected Topics (3:3:0) Topics vary; they are announced each academic year.
697 Directed Reading (1-3:0:1-3) Independent reading at master’s level on specific topic related to conflict analysis and resolution, as agreed to by student and faculty member. May be repeated up to 6 credits.
701 Theories of Social Harmony (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801; CONF 601 recommended but not required. Part of series of theory courses; companion to CONF 601. Explores theories that define and explain social harmony and cooperation. Examines social institutions that manage and mediate conflict at all levels, and provides foundation for subsequent courses in peace building, peace making, multilateral organizations, social change, and development.
702 Peace Studies (3:3:0) Traces evolution of peace studies since World War II, with particular attention to changing definitions of peace, conflict, and violence, and implications for conflict analysis and resolution. Links peace keeping, peace building, and peace making in integrative framework.
703 Conceptions of Practice (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 501, 601, 713. Provides framework for integrating theory and practice in conflict resolution. Reviews types of practice and theories of intervention and change, discusses analytic process of assessment and diagnosis before intervention. Considers how research can be incorporated into practice, and how thoughtful practice generates research questions. Includes methods of program evaluation and action research. Students encouraged to identify, develop their own theories.
709 War, Violence, and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Considers various theories, causes, and conditions of violence, and applies them to variety of cases: family abuse, religious and ethnic violence, terrorism, revolution, and warfare. Applies insights from study of initiation, escalation, management, resolution, and prevention of violence to theories about resolving deep-rooted conflicts.
713 Laboratory and Simulation I: Interpersonal and Intergroup Conflict (3:0:3) Prerequisite or corequisite for all CONF majors: CONF 501 or 801. Introductory skill-building course integrating conflict theory and practice using reflective practitioner model. Students learn necessary skills for third-party facilitation and mediation including active listening, empathy, paraphrasing, reframing, and negotiation; and analytical skills of problem solving and creation of transformational processes. Cases for practice focus on interpersonal and intergroup conflict.
714 Laboratory and Simulation II: Organizational and Community Conflict (3:0:3) Prerequisites: CONF 501 or 801 and 713. Moves from conflicts that are simply described to those with multilevel components, such as community and organizational conflicts. Expands skills acquired in 713 by adding recording chronology; identifying roles played by various participants; observing turning points in process; and precisely stating agreed upon solution.
715 Laboratory and Simulation III: International and Intercommunal Conflict (3:0:3) Prerequisites: CONF 501, 713, and 714; or permission of instructor. Continues study of resolution processes as applied to highly complex systems, especially where one party denies legitimacy of existing political authority. Considers third-party options for intervention in revolutionary and international conflicts, building communication and trust among parties, and implementing agreements.
720 Ethnic and Cultural Factors in Conflict Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Examines the role culture plays in genesis, structuring, and resolution of processes of conflict within and between groups. Special attention to ethnicity and other subcultural markers of identity in complex social systems as generators and outcomes of conflict. Explores relevance of variables to success or failure of conflict resolution.
721/SOCI 523 Conflict and Race (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Addresses historic analyses of racial and ethnic identity conflicts and their resolution.
722 Conflict and Religion (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Explores role of organized religions in conflict, war, peace making, and conflict resolution.
723 Conflict and Gender (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Examines constructs of gender and conflict as they relate to critical analysis of theory and practice. Reviews feminist theories for contributions to social and conflict theories. Uses narratives to explore how gender, power dynamics interact in conflict.
724 Conflict and “-Isms” (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. “Them” and “Us”: Deals with identification and analysis of interrelationships and similarities among various ways human beings bifurcate themselves based on national, ethnic, religious, gender, and other criteria. Explores role of divisions in development and intractability of identity-based conflicts, and implications for conflict analysis and resolution. Examples include nationalism, racism, sexism, ageism, classism.
725 Conflict and Spirituality (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Explores role of spirituality in naming, framing, and unwinding of conflict. Considers roles of apology, reconciliation, and forgiveness as they relate to the deconstruction of enemy images in protracted communal and interpersonal conflicts. Examines relational empathy, and ways of cultivating connection across perceived deep differences.
726 Moral and Philosophical Foundations of Conflict (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Overview of moral, philosophical, and ethical underpinnings of conceptions of conflict and conflict resolution. Enhances ability to engage in discourse approaching conflict from moral or philosophical disciplinary background.
727 Cross-Cultural Analysis of Conflict (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Introduces techniques of participant observation and anthropological research. Provides insights into cross-cultural fieldwork experience, an important skill to facilitate working with groups outside own “worldview.” Highly recommended for students interested in understanding diverse groups and gaining insights into world views and values held by different people.
728 Human Rights Theory and Practice in Comparative Perspective (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Introduces major controversies and debates surrounding use of human rights theory and practice cross-culturally. After basic study of human rights philosophy, uses case studies from around the world to examine problems and potential of human rights in today’s globalized world.
729 Approaches to Violence (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Explores violence from variety of intellectual and political perspectives. Readings are wide-ranging and interdisciplinary, addressing levels of analysis from biological to nation-state and transnational processes.
730 Structural Sources of Conflict (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 501 or 801, and 601 for MS; or 802 for PhD. Examines how structures and institutions affect behavior and give rise to conflictual relationships at all social levels, from interpersonal to the international. Explores role of conflict resolution as political process providing opportunities for nonviolent system change.
731 Conflict in Organizations (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Explores intersection and dynamics of organizational behavior and dimensions of conflict. Involves theoretical perspectives and cases examining conflict analysis and resolution. Practices strategies for prevention and intervention. Field research in greater metropolitan area integrates course content.
732 Conflict in Development (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Economic and social development cause trauma as new ideas conflict with old ones. When development is generated or directed by forces outside a culture, conflict takes on deep-rooted character. Course explores how conflict analysis and resolution approaches can be applied to conflicts of development and change.
733 Law and Jurisprudence in Conflict Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Contrasts legal processes and institutions with alternative approaches to dispute resolution. Defines and distinguishes among law, “alternative dispute resolution,” and problem-solving analysis as methods for resolving rather than controlling conflict. Asks to what extent legal procedures are truly applicable to resolving deep-rooted conflict.
734 Crime and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Explores usefulness of conflict analysis and resolution perspectives in analyzing causes, nature, and consequences of criminal behavior, and alternative approaches to crime problem.
735 Global Context of Conflict (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Advances skills and knowledge base in critical analysis and creative problem-solving. Examines root causes of conflict in global context in terms of gender inequality, cultural differences, unequal North and South relations, militarism, economic oppression, genocide, maldevelopment, religious and ethnic struggles, and environmental scarcity. Students develop their own conceptual tool boxes to analyze conflicts in different parts of the world.
736 Globalization and International Conflict (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Explores economic, political, social, and cultural meanings of globalization; how they affect conflict processes at international level; and when and under what conditions globalization promotes cooperation or conflict.
737 Societies, Globalization, and Conflict (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Explores how globalization affects conflict processes at domestic level. Topics include economic interdependence and civil war; structural adjustment policies and distributional conflicts; changing cultural norms and gender roles; and migration, tourism, and conflict.
738 Researching Conflict in Health Systems (3:3:0)Capstone seminar; final course in graduate certificate program in conflict resolution for health professionals. Involves conducting research and analyzing specific conflict situation in depth. Builds on theory, research, and practice learned in previous courses for this certificate.
739 Collective Action, Social Movements, and Globalization (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Explores how people translate underlying grievances into collective action. Examines how groups organize, frame, and develop strategies and tactics to pursue agendas, and how processes of globalization have influenced social movement dynamics.
740 Conflict Roles, Resources, and Ethics (3:3:0)Prerequisites: CONF 501 or 801, 713. Analyzes and critiques nature and roles in conflicts. Uses theoretical perspectives, case histories to understand how settings affect roles. Includes ethical assessment of interventions in variety of conflict settings.
741 Negotiations (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Uses negotiating experiences to construct framework for thinking about and analyzing negotiation processes. Framework then used to organize review of research literature on rhythms, patterns of negotiation, and to analyze actual cases. Interweaves exercises, class projects with state-of-the-art concepts and findings.
742 Mediating Policy Conflict (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Analyzes disputes involving formation, implementation, and reform of social policy. Covers development and assessment of roles of mediation and other intervention approaches in policy conflicts in public and private sectors.
743 Dynamics of Conflict Termination (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Studies nature of peace process in terminating international, transnational, and civil conflicts. Includes analysis of parties’ decision-making procedures during processes of de-escalation, prebargaining, and negotiation. Examines impact of various third-party roles (mediator, conciliator, facilitator) on overall process, including implementing and monitoring agreements. Takes as case studies efforts to terminate conflicts including Iran-Iraq war, Cyprus dispute, and the Eritrean conflict.
744 Peace Keeping (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. To what degree do international peacekeeping forces embrace conflict resolution and peace building as part of their mission? To what degree could conflict resolution be integrated? What are the roles conflict resolvers can play in peacekeeping environments?
745 Leadership Roles in Conflict and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Leadership responses to conflict are affected by several variables, including race, ethnicity, and gender. Explores roles of leadership decision-making styles as agents of conflict across range of conflict scenarios at interpersonal, community, organizational, and international levels.
746 Peace Building (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Building on initiatives of United Nations and other multilateral organizations, explores dynamics of post- conflict peace building. Prepares students of conflict resolution to play innovative roles in reconstruction of civil societies.
747 Reconciliation (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. Explores processes of acknowledgment, reconciliation, forgiveness, and restitution. Reviews literature, case studies, and other research to assess applicability and impact of these efforts.
748 Comparative Peace Processes (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 501 or 801, and 601 or 803; or permission of instructor. Compares case studies drawn from actual peace processes, both successful and unsuccessful, to illuminate principles and complexities.
749 World Religions, Violence, and Conflict Resolution (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801, or permission of instructor. Examines how world religions play role in conflict and conflict resolution. Investigates how values, world view, and hermeneutics influence strategies for successful conflict interventions.
795 Professional Development Seminars (1-3:1-3:0)Prerequisite: CONF 501 or 801. These 1- and 2-credit courses are scheduled nonconventionally using weekends, concentrated presentations, and intersession periods to develop advanced professional skills. Possible topics include marketing conflict resolution services, academic course design, training design, mediation, facilitation, family practice, fundraising, writing for publication, advanced field research techniques, and grassroots applications of conflict resolution. May be repeated.
798 Thesis Proposal (1:0:0) Prerequisites: CONF 501 and 610. Covers development of research proposal for masters’ thesis, including framing a question, and literature review; and designing appropriate methodology. Students form master’s thesis committee and review Human Subject Review Board’s guidelines and procedures.
799 Master’s Thesis (1-6:0:1-6) Prerequisites: CONF 501, 713, 610. Two semesters, usually taken as 3 credits per semester. Original research or analysis under direction of thesis committee.
801 Introduction to Conflict Analysis and Resolution (3:3:0)Prerequisite or corequisite for all PhD CONF students. Introduces field of conflict analysis and resolution for doctoral students. Examines definitions of conflict and diverse views of resolution. Explores thinking about human behavior and social systems as they relate to origins and role of conflict in violent and peaceful social change. Considers appropriate responses to conflict at interpersonal, intergroup, industrial, communal, and international levels.
802 Micro Theories (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 801, and acceptance into doctoral program;, or permission of instructor. Understanding human conflict requires knowledge of human behavior, motivation, and perception. Reviews and critically analyzes several psychological theories for application to conflict analysis and resolution. Surveys work of major personality theorists as well as material on cognition, creativity, and change.
803 Macro Theories (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 801 and 802, and acceptance in the doctoral program; or permission of instructor. Understanding social conflict and potential for conflict resolution requires that both conflict and cooperation be perceived in relationship to patterns of social change. Course reviews and critiques significant theories of social change to establish a basis for creative conflict analysis and resolution.
810 Philosophy of the Social Sciences (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 801, or permission of instructor. Philosophical inquiry into history and structure of ideas and building of scientific hypotheses. Assumes close link between ways we think and ways we build and test theories about world. Explores and critiques thinking of major 20th century thinkers from the social sciences, thus forming introduction to research methodology.
811 Advanced Research Methods I (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 801 and 810; or permission of instructor. Presumes prior course in intermediate statistics such as STAT 510. Building on logic of inquiry, introduces steps in research process to prepare dissertation and implement published research. Covers wide array of quantitative and qualitative research approaches in social sciences, with emphasis on conflict analysis.
812 Advanced Research Methods II (3:3:0) Prerequisite: CONF 811, or permission of instructor. Continuation of steps in research process to prepare dissertation and implement published research. Builds on CONF 811 by extending coverage of quantitative and qualitative research approaches used in social sciences, with emphasis on conflict analysis.
890 Practicum in Conflict Analysis and Resolution (6:1:5)Prerequisites: CONF 801 and 713; 714 or 715 recommended but not required. Two semesters. In-depth field study of ongoing conflict situations. Design and delivery of intervention processes to manage or resolve conflicts.
897 Directed Reading (3:3:0) Independent reading at doctoral level on a specific topic related to conflict and conflict resolution as agreed to by student and faculty member.
900 Integrating Theory, Practice, and Method in Conflict Analysis (3:3:0) Prerequisites: CONF 801 and 802, and at least 9 additional credits in doctoral core program. Analyzes theoretical basis undergirding methods of research in conflict resolution. Explores how theory is built through reciprocal influence of research and practice.
998 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal (1-6:1-6:0)Prerequisite: successful completion of all course work and doctoral qualifying exams. Work on research proposal that forms basis for doctoral dissertation. May be repeated for maximum 6 credits toward degree.
999 Doctoral Dissertation Research (1-12:0:1-12) At least 12 credits of 998 and 999 must be accumulated toward degree. Credits vary; at least 6 must be taken toward degree. Research on approved dissertation topic under direction of committee.