Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of human thought processes. Psychologists who have adopted a cognitive framework argue that people learn, understand, remember, and make decisions as a result of information they derive from current circumstances, their existing memory, and the consequences of their own actions. These psychologists often assume that we develop such understanding by processing this information through a series of stages. Thus, cognitive psychology is interested in topics such as attention, visual and auditory perception, short-term memory, reasoning, long-term memory, forgetting and intelligence. Cognitive psychology is often contrasted to behaviorism: behaviorists are interested in behavior, while cognitive psychologists are interested in the mental processes underlying behavior.

Most cognitive psychologists are engaged in basic or applied research. Careers often include university professor, industrial consultant, human factors specialist, research associate, and research assistant. Many cognitive psychologists now participate in applied research projects, that is, projects designed to solve a specific problem or develop a specific product. Such projects as designing computer software to improve efficiency of computer use and understanding strategies that people use when solving mechanical problems are examples.

Most careers in cognitive psychology require master's or doctoral degrees, although entry-level positions as research assistants are often available with a baccalaureate degree. Many psychologists enter the work force after completing their undergraduate education, but return for graduate training later in their career. The GMU Psychology Department does not offer a graduate degree in cognitive psychology, but has M.A. and a Ph.D. programs in the related field of Applied Cognition.

An undergraduate student seeking to enter the field of cognitive psychology should select a broad range of research-oriented courses, for example, learning, cognition, perception, sensory psychology, motivation, human factors, and, perhaps, social psychology, and tests and measurement. A strong background in statistics and research methodology is also important, as well as a basic knowledge of computers and programming. Finally, research done under the direction of a faculty member in independent study or senior thesis courses will allow a student some hands-on research experience.