Aaronson, Mike. "Somalia: Dying for no cause," New Statesman & Society vol 5, no 218 (4 September 1992), p. 23.

["Thousands of starving people in Somalia may die because of UN inefficiency and infighting..."]

Abdalla Omar Mansur. "Contrary to a Nation: The Cancer of the Somali State," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 107-116.

ibid. "The Nature of the Somali Clan System," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 117-134.

Abdi Awaleh Jama. "The Ethio-Somali Dispute: A Legal Perspective," International Conference on the Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Madrid: Universidad de Alcala, 9-14 September 1989) 39 p. + annex.

Abdi Ismail Samatar. "Empty Bowl: Agrarian Political Economy and the Crises of Accumulation," in Ahmed I. Samatar, ed., The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 65-92.

ibid. "Structural adjustment as development strategy? Bananas, boom and poverty in Somalia," Economic Geography vol 69 no 1 (1993), pp. 25-43.

[Somali warlords must be neutralized before any stable political system can be implemented.]

ibid. "Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 30, no 4, (December 1992) pp. 625-641.

[The author provides cogent insights in response to a key question: How does such a seemingly homogenous society descend into the abyss?]

ibid. "Dictators and Warlords are a Modern Invention," Africa News vol 37, nos 7-8 (21 December 1992), p. 5

ibid. "New World Disorder," The New Republic (21 September 1992).

ibid. "Social classes and economic restructuring in pastoral Africa: Somali Notes," African Studies Review, vol 35, no 1 (1992), pp. 101-127.

ibid. The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884-1986 (Madison, WI: Univ of Wisconsin Press, March 1989) 224 p.

ibid. "The Predatory State and the Peasantry: Reflections in Rural Development Policy in Somalia," Africa Today vol 32 (1985), no 3, pp. 41-56

Abdi Mohamed Kusow. "The Somali Origins: Myth or Reality," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 81-

ibid. "The Genesis of the Somali Civil War: A New Perspective, Northeast African Studies vol 1 no 1 (New Series) 1994, pp. 31-46.

[The author argues against the conventional notion of Somali cultural homogeneity, noting that the concept is often used to mask blatant discrimination within Somali society.]

ibid. "Somalia's Silent Sufferers," Africa News vol 37, issue 7-8 (21 December 1992), p. 5.

[The pastoral Digil and Rahanwein clans were the primary victims of the intra-Hawiye civil war. More than 70% of the famine victims were Rahanwein.]

Abdi Samantar and A.I. Samantar. "The Material Roots of the Suspended African State: Arguments from Somalia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 25 no 4 (December 1987), pp. 669-690.

Abdi Sheik-Abdi. Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan, 1856-1920 (London: Zed Press, Humanities Press International, 1993) 226 p.

[An excellent social and military history of Somalia's most famous national hero.]

ibid. "Structural Adjustment as Development Strategy? Bananas, Boom, and Poverty in Somalia," Economic Geography no 6 (January 1993), pp. 25-43.

ibid. "Ideology and leadership in Somalia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 19 no 1 (1981), pp. 163-172.

[A look at the dynamics of the Barre regime in the early years.]

ibid. "Somali Nationalism: Its Origin and Future," Journal of Modern African Studies vol 15 (December 1977), pp. 657-665.

Abdirahman Osman Raghe. "Somali NGOs: A Product of Crises," Paper presented at the Fifth International Congress of Somali Studies, Worcester, MA, 1-3 December 1993, 22 p.

[The courageous and effective work of indigenous Somali NGOs to relieve the results of the famine and civil war has been little-described or appreciated in the West.]

Abdulkarim Ahmed Guleid and Jack L. Davies. "Is it peace for Somalia?" New African no 319 (May 1994), pp. 7-9.

[Interesting article, but unfortunately, the editors tantalize the reader by ending it on a dangling hyphenated word.]

ibid. "Siyad Barre plans a comeback in Somalia," New African (April 1993), pp. 9-11.

ibid. "Somaligate" The Decision to Suppress Democracy in Somalia (Munich: Davies Consulting GmbH, 20 October 1992) 276 p.

[Preposterous collection of peculiar observations and judgments.]

Abdulkadir Dini. "The Importance of the United States Security Assistance Program for Somalia's National Security," U.S. Army War College Military Studies Program Paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: 1990) 28 p.

[A Somali officer at the U.S. Army War College carefully toes the official Somali line.]

Abdullah A. Mohamoud. "From Somalia to Rwanda," West Africa no 4015 (12-18 September 1994), pp. 1584-1585.

[Suggests that much could be learned by analyzing peacekeeping failures to improve effectiveness in the future.]

ibid. "Somalia: Aideed's homecoming," West Africa no 4003 (20-26 June 1994), pp. 1084-1085.

[Surprisingly insightful: "The mistakes that were made earlier lie in approaching the ending of the conflict from the wrong direction. It was started from a top-down approach without paying any consideration to the importance of building the peace settlement from bottom-up."]

ibid. "Somalia: Towards pacification," West Africa (26 April-2 May 1993), p. 684.

[Comes out strongly in favor of forced disarmament as a means to tranquilizing the warlords.]

Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim-European Rivalry in the Region (Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1980) 251 p.

Abizaid, (Lt. Col.) John P. "Lessons for Peacekeepers," Military Review (March 1993) pp. 11-19.

Abizaid, John P., and John R. Wood. "Preparing for Peacekeeping: Military Training and the Peace-keeping Environment," Special Warfare vol 7 (April 1994), pp. 14-20.

Abramowitz, Morton. "For Clinton, Messy Hand," Newsweek (14 December 1992), p. 41.

[Ambassador Abramowitz was Bush's envoy to Turkey; earlier served as Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Research in the State Department. When this article was written, he was President of the Carnegie Endowment.]

Abramowitz, Morton, Fred Cuny, Anne Richard and James Schear. Proposal for an International Crisis Group (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 28 June 1994) 22 p.

[Proposes an international monitoring group to coordinate responses to "complex humanitarian emergencies."]

Achtner, Wolfgang. "The Italian Connection: How Rome Helped Ruin Somalia," Washington Post (24 January 1993), p. C3.

[Mutual Italian-Somali exploitation over the years makes an interesting story.]

Adams, Martin P. "Peace Enforcement Versus American Strategic Culture," Strategic Review vol 33, no 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 14-22.

[Despite the earnest efforts of "anti-interventionists" to persuade the public that peace operations are foreign to U.S. civilian and military culture, there are no insurmount-able obstacles to U.S. participation in UN-sanctioned peace enforcement operations. The author is a Foreign Service Officer who recently completed a year of study at the U.S. Naval War College.]

Adams, Paul D. "Rules of Engagement: The Peacekeepers' Friend or Foe?" One of three articles on Humanitarian Operations in Marine Corps Gazette vol 77 (October 1993), pp. 21-23.

Adams, Sean. "Fighting the Insect Enemy in Somalia: ARS research provides ammunition against malaria, other diseases," Agricultural Research (August 1993), p. 21.

Adams, Thomas K. "SOF in Peace-Support Operations," Special Warfare 6 (October 1993), pp. 2-7.

Adebajo, Adekeye. "Farewell to peace? ...UN peacekeeping in Africa, in the light of the recent withdrawal from Somalia," West Africa (13-19 March 1995), pp. 380-382.

["...African governments must stop spending four times as much on arms as they do on health, and regional organizations like the OAU and Ecomog must redouble their efforts to complement the UN's efforts in dousing the fires ignited by the continent's pyromaniac politicians and arsonist armies...]

Afrah, M.M. The Somali Tragedy (Mombasa, Kenya: Mohamed Printers, 1994) 96 p.

[Subtitled: "The comprehensive dossier that recreates the terror and destruction in Somalia and the bungled operations to capture General Aideed in the smoking ruins of Mogadishu."]

ibid. Mogadishu: A Hell on Earth (Nairobi, Kenya: Copos Ltd, 1993) 105 p.

[Afrah is a native of Mogadishu, where he worked for the government news service and was Reuter stringer during the 70's and 80's. This book covers the civil war period after the fall of Siad Barre. He is also the author of Villa Somalia, in which the fall of Siad Barre is chronicled.]

Africa Watch. "Somalia Faces the Future: Human Rights in a Fragmented Society," Human Rights Watch Africa vol 7 no 2 (New York: Human Rights Watch, April 1995) 72 p.

[As the first Human Rights Watch report on Somalia in three years, the report must cover a lot of ground; it provides an excellent overview of the UNOSOM periods. There is a 13-page section specifically devoted to the UN in Somalia. Interesting bow to political correctitude in the use of "warleaders" rather than "warlords."]

ibid. Somalia: No Mercy in Mogadishu: The Human Cost of the Conflict & the Struggle for Relief (New York: Africa Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, Vol 4, no 4, March 26, 1992) 26 p.

[Africa Watch was one of the first outside organizations to detail the genocidal tactics of Mohamed Farah Aideed and other warlords.]

ibid. "Somalia: A Fight to the Death? Leaving Civilians at the Mercy of Terror and Starvation," Africa Watch vol 4, no 2 (February 13, 1992) 29 p.

ibid. "Somalia: Evading Reality: Government Announces Cosmetic Changes as Abuses Continue and Challenges to Regime Intensify," News from Africa Watch (September 12, 1990) 31 p.

ibid. Somalia: A Government at War with its Own People: Testimonies about the Killing and the Conflict in the North (New York: Africa Watch, January 1990) 268 p.

ibid. "Djibouti: Ill-Treatment of Somali Refugees: Denial of Refuge; Deportations and Harsh Conditions of Detention," News from Africa Watch (October 30, 1989) 12 p.

ibid. "Somalia: An Update on Human Rights Developments since mid-July: Government Attempts to Divert Attention from Abuses and Internal Opposition to Its Rule," News from Africa Watch (September 22, 1989) 17 p.

Afwerki, Isaias. "Can Somalia Survive the U.N.? Yes, but Quit Chasing Aideed and Help the Regional Powers," The Washington Post (10 October 1993), p. C1.

[The President of Eritrea offers to help work out a political solution in Somalia.]

Ahmed, Christine Choi. "Finely Etched Chattel: The Invention of a Somali Woman," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 157-189.

Ahmed H. Esa. "Somalia's Political Misfortunes: From scientific socialism to a human rights crisis," in Kim Barcik and Sture Normark, eds., Somalia: A Historical, Cultural and Political Analysis (Uppsala, Sweden: Life & Peace Institute, January 1991), pp. 29-41.

[Predicts downfall of Siad Barre but fails to see that human rights abuses would increase during the civil war which followed his downfall.]

Ahmed I. Samatar, ed. The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994) 296 p.

[This volume includes some of the papers presented at a conference held in Geneva during the summer of 1992, and therefore does not reflect much on the results of the U.S. military deployment that took place later in the year. Authors include Abdi I. Samatar, Lidwien Kapteijns, Maxamed D. Afrax, Terrence Lyons, David Rawson, Ben Wisner, and the book editor.]

ibid. "The Curse of Allah: Civic Disembowelment and the Collapse of the State in Somalia," in Ahmed I. Samatar, ed., The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 95-146.

ibid. "The Contours of Contemporary Somali Politics," unknown journal (December 1990), pp. 27-39.

ibid. "Somali Studies: Towards an Alternative Epistemology," Northeast African Studies vol 11, no 1 (1989), pp. 3-18.

[Prof. Samatar served as guest editor of this issue of Northeast African Studies which is largely devoted to Somali society.]

ibid. Socialist Somalia: rhetoric and reality (London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1988) 186 p.

[This book is based on the author's Ph.D. thesis at the University of Denver. It examines the issue whether a military state on the periphery of world affairs can effectively follow a socialist strategy of "self-reliance" to escape poverty.]

ibid. "Underdevelopment in Somalia: Dictatorship without Hegemony," Africa Today vol 32 (1985) no 3, pp. 23-40.

Ahmed Mohammed Adan. "Don't Abandon Us," Washington Post (4 August 1994), p. A31 (op-ed).

[The author, a former Somali diplomat and Foreign Minister in 1990-91, notes the "U.S. pressure on the UN to wind up its operation there by the end of the month," and states, inter alia, that "to disengage now would be to admit that the United Nations is unsuited to assisting small nations in overcoming their problems..."]

Ahmed Mohamed Souleiman. "The common origins of Somali and Arabic," paper presented at the Fifth International Congress of Somali Studies, Worcester, Massachusetts, 30 November 1993, 10 p.

[Another item on the age-old argument over the origins of the Somali language.]

Ahmed Qassim Ali. "The Predicament of the Somali Studies," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 71-80.

ibid., "The Foreign Factor in the Somali Tragedy," Paper presented at the Fifth International Congress of Somali Studies, Worcester, MA, 1-3 December 1993, 29 p.

Ahmed Yusuf Farah and I.M. Lewis. "The Roots of Reconciliation," Life & Peace Review vol 8 no 4 (1994), pp. 19-21.

[A summary of the following document. The original title of the Actionaid document was Peacemaking Endeavors of Contemporary Lineage Leaders: A Survey of Grassroots Peace Conferences in "Somaliland."]

ibid., Somalia: The Roots of Reconciliation (London: ActionAid, December 1993) 87 p.

ibid. "Peace Making Endeavor of Contemporary Lineage Leaders in 'Somaliland'," Unpublished paper presented to the 5th International Congress of Somali Studies, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1-3 December 1993, 8 p.

Alberts, David S., and Richard Hayes. Command Arrangements for Peace Operations (Washington, DC: National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, May 1995) 136 p.

[Includes a relatively brief section on command arrangements for "UNISOM."]

Albright, Madeleine K. "Use of Force in a Post-Cold War World," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4, no 39, (October 1993) 4 p.

[Remarks to the National War College, National Defense University, Fort Leslie McNair, Washington, DC, September 23, 1993.]

ibid. "Yes, There Is a Reason to Be in Somalia," The New York Times (10 August 1993), p. A19.

[Ambassador Albright states the reasons why the UN operation in Somalia is important. She defends the pursuit of Aideed, noting that Somali factions must be disarmed before the work of humanitarian groups and political efforts can be assured.]

ibid. "Myths of Peace-keeping," Statement before the Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 24, 1993, U.S. Department of State Dispatch (28 June 1993), pp. 464-467.

[Lays out the "Five Myths of Peacekeeping."]

Albright, Madeleine K., Anthony Lake, Wesley Clark (LTG). "The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Peace Operations," U.S. Depart-ment of State Dispatch vol 5 no 20 (16 May 1994), pp. 315-321. Also available in DISAM Journal vol 16 (Summer 1994), pp. 42-54.

[The administration continues to react to Operation Restore Hope by creating a succession of hurdles -- some realistic, some not -- that would complicate efforts to establish another such operation. These statements were part of the publicity surrounding the completion of Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25), a secret document outlining U.S. policy on participation in multilateral peace operations.]

Alexander, Ian. "There Oughta be a Law," National Review vol 46 no 2 (7 February 1994), pp. 32-33.

[A very thoughtful article putting the lie to much of the conventional wisdom about Somalia.]

Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995) 265 p.

[A very useful collection of essays written by a number of top Somalia experts, half of whom are Somalis.]

ibid. "'Daybreak is Near, Won't You Become Sour? Going Beyond the Current Rhetoric in Somali Studies," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 135-155.

Ali Khalif Galaydh. Intergovernmental Negotiation: Soviet-Somali Relations & the Ogaden War, 1978-79 (Washington: Georgetown University: Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, 1993) 50 p.

ibid. "Democratic Practice and Breakdown in Somalia," in Dov Ronen, ed., Democracy and Pluralism in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1986), pp. 127-131.

All-African People's Revolutionary Party. Somalia - An Analysis (New York: G.P.O. Box 863, 18 January 1992) 7 p.

[An African nationalistic view of the U.S. role in the Horn: "...Somalia has been and will continue to be treated as an inroad to the Horn of Africa..." This kind of talk, of course, increases the tendency of Americans to reject further international intervention efforts.]

Allard, Kenneth. Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, January 1995) 113 p.

[This is a valuable study by a man distinguished as both scholar and military officer, now on the faculty at the National Defense University. The book is particularly useful in linking events in Somalia with military doctrinal publications that demonstrate what was learned from the Somalia experience. Col. Allard was not directly involved in the Somalia operations; his discussion repeats the perception of some of the early participants in the operation that would erect a barrier between the UN Security Council decision-making process and the U.S. military terms of reference for the various stages in the operations. The original drafts of Security Council Resolutions 794 and 814 were written in the Pentagon, and although they were later somewhat modified in the subsequent inter-agency process, the essential blueprint for the move from humanitarian relief to "nation-building" was designed by the U.S.]

Allen, Glen, with Jim Day. (in Belet Uen) "Under Suspicion: The Deaths of Two Somalis Cast a Cloud over Canada's Reputation as a Peacekeeper," Maclean's (3 May 1993), pp. 28-29.

[The Canadian Airborne Regiment faces an inquiry into the suspicious deaths of two Somalis allegedly at the hands of Canadian troops at Belet Uen.]

Allison, George. "The United States Navy and United Nations Peacekeeping Operations," Naval War College Review vol 46 (Summer 1993), pp. 22-35.

Alpers, Edward A. "On Critiques of the Invention of Somalia," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 223-232.

ibid. "The Somali Community at Aden in the Nineteenth Century," Northeast African Studies vol VIII, nos 2-3 (1986), pp. 143-168.

Alvarez, Jose E. "The Once and Future Security Council," The Washington Quarterly vol 18 no 2, pp. 5-20.

[The author, a professor of law at Michigan Law School, questions the growing legal role of the UN Security Council and questions certain decisions pertaining to the Iraq war, Libya, Haiti and the former Yugoslavia. He suggests that significant Security Council reform is needed.]

Amnesty International. Somalia: A Long-Term Human Rights Crisis (London: Amnesty International Pubs., 1988) 52 p.

Andemicael, Berhanykun. The OAU and the UN: Relations between The Organization of African Unity and the United Nations (New York and London: Africana Publishing Company: A UNITAR Regional Study, no. 2, Published for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, 1976) 331 p.

Anderson, Gary (Col). "UNOSOM II: Neither success nor failure," in Donald C.F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes, eds. Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 267-281.

[There is a narrow cult of analysts, particularly associated with the Marine Corps, which resolutely misread the events that took place in Somalia after the departure of the UNITAF. Influencing the preservation of these myths is the suspicion that if political actions taken after UNITAF redeployed were justified, then the "treatment of the symptoms by UNITAF," as termed by the author, were inadequate.]

Anderson, Jack, and Michael Binstein. "Haiti, Somalia Parallels Are Striking," Washington Post (23 June 1994), p. 16.

[The parallels are not particularly compelling, and the facts are not especially correct.]

Anderson, Mary. "Development and the Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies," in Thomas G. Weiss, and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner Pubs, 1993), pp.23-38.

[Examines some interesting dilemmas of humanitarianism, noting that the law of unexpected results operates in such emergencies.]

Anderson, Phillip R., et al. "36th Engineer Group in Somalia: Operation Restore Hope," Engineer 23 (August 1993), pp. 2-8.

Andrzejewski, B.W. "Muhammad Abdille Hassan and the Lizard: a Somali legend," in Veronica Six, et al, eds., Afrikanische Sprachen und Kulturen - ein Querschnitt (Hamburg: Afrika-Kunde, 1971), pp. 298-304.

ibid. Islamic Literature of Somalia (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ Press, 1983) 48 p.

ibid. "The survival of the national culture in Somalia during and after the colonial period," in The Decolonization of Africa: Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa (New York: UNIPUB, UNESCO General History of Africa: Studies and Documents, 5, 1982), pp. 108-118.

ibid. Somali poetry: an introduction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964) 167 p.

[These items represent only a small sampling of the extraordinary contributions of Dr. Andrzejewski to the understanding of Somali literature. His death in December 1994 is an enormous loss to scholarship of the Horn of Africa.]

Angles, Walter K. (Capt). "Ordnance Corps in Somalia: EOD team challenged," Ordnance (August 1994), pp. 12-13.

[Captain Angles was commander of the 57th Ordnance Detachment (EOD), based at Fort Belvoir, VA, which served in Mogadishu, July-December 1993.]

Annan, Kofi A. The Status of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Africa testimony before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Relations, May 2, 1994, 17 p.

ibid., "UN peacekeeping operations and cooperation with NATO," NATO Review vol 41, no 5 (October 1993), pp. 3-7.

ibid. "The Path of Peace-Keeping: Translating Commitment Into Action," Harvard International Review vol XV, no 4 (Summer 1993), pp. 34-35, 67-68.

[The insights of the head of the United Nations Peacekeeping Office are especially valuable.]

Antal, (Maj.) John F., USA, and Capt. Robert L. Dunaway, USA. "Peacemaking in Somalia: A Background Brief," Marine Corps Gazette (February 1993), pp. 38-43.

Arias, Ron. "CNN's Woman at the Front: Where there's war, there's Christiane Amanpour," People vol 40, no 25 (20 December 1993) pp. 95-98.

[Amanpour was with CNN in the Persian Gulf and Somalia. She went from there to Bosnia.]

ibid. photographs by Harry Benson, "A Few Good Men: In Somalia, the Marines of the 7th Regiment confront a horror that was never part of their basic training," People (25 January 1993), pp. 30-35.

Armitage, Richard L. "Lessons of Beirut Can Be Applied in Somalia," Navy Times (25 October 1993), p. 35.

[One of the strongest and most vocal opponents of armed humanitarian intervention -- and the Clinton administration -- responds to conventional reluctance of senior military figures to deployment of fighting resources to political-military activities.]

Armstrong, Charles L. "From Futility to Insanity - A Brief Overview of United Nations Failures," Marine Corps Gazette vol 78 no 9 (September 1994), pp. 46-48.

[A strongly-worded condemnation of international peacekeeping projects. LTC (ret) Armstrong was plans officer for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. In spite of this limited experience in international operations, the author, in his tirade, forgets that the UN can only be an instrument of international consensus, a matter which is usually formed by the U.S. If the UN's efforts were "futile" in Somalia, then the U.S., which drafted the operative Security Council resolutions 794 and 814, cannot blame the UN for their failure.]

Arnold, S.L., MGen. "Somalia: An Operation Other Than War," Military Review vol LXXIII, no. 12 (December 1993), pp. 26-35.

[General Arnold was Commander, 10th Mountain Division, and ARFOR Commander in Somalia in the UNITAF deployment.]

Arnold, S. L., and David T. Stahl. "A Power Projection Army in Operations Other Than War," Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly vol. XXIII, no 4 (Winter 1993-94), pp. 4-26.

Arteaga, Félix. "El dilema de la intervención," Revista Española de Defensa no 74 (abril 1994), pp. 48-49.

Aspin, Les. Annual Report to the President and the Congress (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, January 1994) 283 p. + appendices.

[See esp.: "Democracy and Peacekeeping," pp. 64-74, for various comments about Operation Restore Hope.]

ibid. "Remarks Prepared for Delivery by Secretary of Defense Les Aspin at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., August 27, 1993," News Release (Washington, DC: Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense [Public Affairs], 27 August 1993), 5 p.

ibid. "Somalia: Finding Funds for Humanitarian Operations," Defense Issues 8 (no. 23, 1993), pp. 4-26.

[Remarks made by the Secretary of Defense during a Pentagon news conference, 26 April 1993. Secretary Aspin was the highest-ranking political casualty of Operation Restore Hope.]

Atkins, Arthur G. "New Presidential Directive Gives U.S. Peacekeeping Guidelines," Arms Control Today vol 24 (June 1994), p. 26.

[A bland discussion of Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25), which provides an undignified retreat from international engagement.]

Atkinson, Rick. "Ships Mass Off Somalia for Final U.N. Pullout," The Washington Post (23 February 1995) p. A22.

[Vivid article on the approaching armada destined to cover the final U.N. retreat from Somalia.]

ibid. "Somalie: Comme à la maison, Les représentants de l'ONU à Mogadiscio se sont installés confortablement. Les autochtones n'apprécient guère," Jeune Afrique no 1734 (du 31 mars au 6 avril 1994), p. 34.

ibid. "Firefight in Mogadishu: The Last Mission of Task Force Ranger:" [Part One], "The Raid That Went Awry: 15-Minute Strike Explodes Into 15 Hours of War," The Washington Post (30 January 1994), pp. A1, A26-A27; [Part Two], "Night of a Thousand Casualties: Battle Triggered the U.S. Decision to Withdraw from Somalia," The Washington Post (31 January 1994), pp. A1, A10-A11.

[A superb investigation into the background and execution of the dramatic Ranger raid on the Olympic Hotel which subsequently led to the decision to end U.S. involvement in Somalia. Includes tactical reporting from both sides of the conflict. Largely accurate according to participants. We look forward to reading his forthcoming book on the incident.]

Auster, Bruce B. "Operation Restore Hope: From Beachheads to Diplomacy," U.S. News & World Report 113 (14 December 1992), pp. 28-29.

Ayittey, George B.N. "The Somali Crisis: Time for an African Solution," Policy Analysis (Cato Institute), no 205 (28 March 1994), 36 p.

[While the overall thesis is no doubt valid, the author takes a number of shortcuts to get there. Dr. Ayittey is an eloquent spokesman for African initiative; he is not a Somali scholar.]

ibid. "An African Solution for Somalia," The Wall Street Journal (7 October 1993), p. A18.

ibid. "Somalia: Sending warriors to ease misery: Soldiers no solution to recurring crises throughout Africa," Army Times (14 December 1992), p. 5.

[The author of Africa Betrayed lays out some good reasons for caution in intervening in Somalia and elsewhere in troubled Africa.]

ibid. "How Africa Ruined Itself," The Wall Street Journal (9 December 1992), p. A24.

["Somalia is not the exception. Angola, Liberia, Mozambique, Sudan, Uganda and Zaire now lay in ruins and other countries are heading down the same path."]