Bacevich, A.J. "Paying the price of doing 'God's work'," Los Angeles Times (1 April 1994), p. B7.

[The author decries the humanitarian impulse that leads us into unwise interventions.]

ibid. "Learning from Aidid," Commentary vol 96, no 6 (December 1993), pp. 30-33.

[A retired military officer at SAIS, the author draws interesting tactical conclusions on urban warfare.]

Backmann, René. "Les Leçons du dérapage," Le Nouvel Observateur (14-20 octobre 1993), pp. 35-36.

[Focuses on the fading US and UN policies in Somalia.]

Backman, René and François Schlosser. "Somalie: les dangers de l'Opération Espoir," Le Nouvel Observateur (10-16 December 1992), pp. 28-30.

[Perceptive discussion of the evident risks of Operation Restore Hope.]

Baez, Joan. One Bowl of Porridge: Memoirs of Somalia (Santa Barbara, CA: John Daniel, 1986) 94 p.

[Early concerns of Joan Baez, Sr., about the deteriorating relief situation in Somalia.]

Bailey, Sydney D. "Intervention: Article 2.7 versus Articles 55-56," International Relations vol XII no 2 (August 1994), pp. 1-10.

[The intervention in Somalia brought old issues to the fore. This valuable article underscores an essential ambiguity within the UN Charter: "Thus, to promote 'the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples' and 'respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all' (articles 1.2, 1.3, and 55) might involve the United Nations in intervening in 'matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction' of states (article 2.7)."]

Baker, Caleb. "Manhunt for Aideed: Why Rangers Came Up Empty-Handed," Armed Forces Journal International (December 1993), p. 18.

Baker, James A. III. "Selective Engagement--Principles for American Foreign Policy in a New Era," Vital Speeches of the Day (1 March 1994), pp. 299-302.

Baker, James H. "Policy Challenges of UN Peace Operations," Parameters vol XXIV no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 13-26.

[Reviews policy and military force considerations of U.S. participation in multilateral peacekeeping situations.]

Banerjee, Dipankar. "An Indian Approach to UN Peace-Keeping Operations," Strategic Analysis (New Delhi) Vol XVIII, No 1(April 1995), pp. 5-21.

[MG Banerjee is Deputy Director of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. The article lays out the professional and policy criteria for Indian participation in peacekeeping operations.]

Barcik, Kim, and Sture Normark, eds. Somalia: A Historical, Cultural and Political Analysis (Uppsala, Sweden: Life & Peace Institute, 1991) 45 p.

[Papers presented at a one-day seminar on Somalia arranged by the Institute in conjunction with the UNHCR in January 1991. See papers by Ioan Lewis, Bernhard Helander and Ahmed Esa.]

Barela, Timothy P. "Air Bridge to Somalia," Airman 37 (March 1993), pp. 2-5.

ibid. "For Combat Controllers...Home is Where the Havoc Is," Airman 37 (March 1993), p 9.

ibid. "His First Day," Airman 37 (March 1993), pp. 10-11.

[The Air Force played a gigantic logistical role in maintaining the U.S. force in Somalia.]

Barnes, Fred. "Low Priority for UN Peace Operations," Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter vol 21 (August-September 1994), pp. 28-29.

[Reviews PDD-25, Clinton Administration policy on peace operations.]

ibid. "White House Watch: Last Call," The New Republic vol 207 no 27 (28 December 1992), pp. 11-13.

[According to the author, the person who influenced President Bush the most in his decision to deploy troops to Somalia was the UN Secretary-General. Provides dates and places for the decision stream.]

Barnes, Virginia Lee, and Janice Boddy, as told to. Aman: The Story of a Somali Girl (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994) 349 p.

[It has never been easy to be a female Somali. This contemporary true-life story, told to two U.S. reporters, is a testimony to the tenacity, spirit and intelligence of Somali women in general.]

Baroni, Claudia. "New Perspectives on UNOSOM II and the Italian Attitude," Peacekeeping and International Relations vol 23, no 1 (January/February 1994), pp. 4-5.

[Italy is unlikely to stay on in the UNOSOM II operation after the U.S. has pulled its forces out of Somalia.]

ibid. "The Italian Participation in UNITAF and UNOSOM II," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 22, no 4 (July/August 1993), pp. 3-4.

[Although the Italians were active participants in Operation Restore Hope, they were strong defenders of their own agenda. Their efforts to appease the warlords, of course, did not work. Their losses in Somalia were the first deaths in combat for the Italian military since the Second World War.]

Barrada, Hamid, Géraldine Faes and François Soudan. "Boutros Boutros-Ghali..."Ce que je ferai en Somalie et au Sahara..." Jeune Afrique no 1673 (28 janvier au 3 février 1993), pp. 36-41.

[Interview with the UN Secretary-General.]

Barrin, Jacques de. "Somalie: L'étrange aventure des nomades-pêcheurs," Le Monde (8-9 janvier 1984), p. 4.

[Describes the futile experiment of the Somali government and the FAO to convert nomads made destitute by the 1973-75 drought into fisherman at the port of Brava. The author visits the "vast maritime graveyard" at Brava, where Soviet, Japanese, Swedish, Greek and Kenyan fishing boats lie rotting in the sun. Brava was one of the primary military objectives for Aideed's forces in their attempts to conquer southern Somalia.]

Bartholet, Jeffrey. "Battlefields of the Food War," Newsweek (14 December 1992), pp. 36-37.

ibid. "Can the Poets Help Somalia?" Newsweek

(2 Nov 92), p. 16.

ibid. "This is the New World Order?" Newsweek

(6 April 1992), p. 36.

[Discusses a 20-person UN delegation that visited Mogadishu in March 1992 to find ways to facilitate the cease fire.]

Barzani, Massoud. "Hope Restored: Benefits of Humanitarian Intervention," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 18-19, 63.

[A broad perspective on ethnic rights by the President of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq) and a member of the President Council of the Iraqi National Congress.]

Bauer, Lt. F. Scott. "A World in Which Marines Kick in Doors - And Feed People," Today's Officer (April-May 1993), pp. 38-41.

Baxter, Sarah. "Sticking at nothing," New Statesman and Society vol 6 no 257 (18 June 1993), p. 24.

[Drawing on the current events in Somalia, Ms. Baxter notes that "...it is arguable that in Somalia the deaths of 23 Pakistani UN soldiers ... would not have happened had the UN behaved with greater firmness..." She quotes Michael Meacher, Labor shadow minister for overseas development, who in the past year had visited Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, Kurdistan and Angola, that "the UN will only be successful if it shows it can act independently of the US." Ms Baxter points out the dilemma, that such intervention has only worked when it has the backing of the US. It is unfair for the "non-interventionists" to cite the Somalia case and then say that no intervention should be undertaken in Bosnia.]

Bayart, Jean-François. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (New York: Longman, 1993) 370 p.

[This translation of L'État en Afrique: La Politique du Ventre is an excellent introduction to the very complex issue of the role of ethnicity in modern-day Africa.]

Bayne, E.A. "Somalia's Myths are Tested," American Universities Field Staff Reports, Northeast Africa Series, vol. 16, no. 1 (1969) 12 p.

ibid. "Chiaroscuro on the Horn," American Universities Field Staff Reports, Northeast Africa Series, vol. 15, nos. 1-2 (1968) 12 p.

Baynham, Simon. "Somalia: 'Operation Restore Hope'," Africa Insight vol 23, no 1 (1993), pp. 17-23.

Beauregard, Claude. "National Hesitation and Peacekeeping," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 23 (March-April 1994), p. 15.

Béchir Ben Yahmed. "Somalie: espoir pour toute l'Afrique," Jeune Afrique no 1667 (17-23 decembre 1992), pp. 6-7.

[These comments from the influential editor of the popular African weekly reflect the general African satisfaction at the outset of Operation Restore Hope that the world had decided to do something about Somalia.]

Beckwith, Charlie A. "Somalia's Needless Deaths," The Wall Street Journal (1 November 1993), p. A16.

[One of the most famous names in U.S. military special operations, Beckwith founded, trained and commanded the Delta Force. He resigned from the Army in 1981, after commanding the failed Iran hostage operation in 1980. As for Somalia: "We should be proud of the job the Rangers and Delta operators did. I defy another country to put a unit is the same situation and have even one soldier walk out alive..."]

Beinart, Peter. "Tough love," The New Republic (9 August 1993), p. 15.

[Discusses the role of the U.S. Congressional Black Caucus in the decision to deploy forces to Somalia.]

Bennet, Douglas, Jr. "Peacekeeping and Multilateral Relations in U.S. Foreign Policy, U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 5 no 49 (5 December 1994), pp. 808-810.

[Speech given before the UN Association, Princeton University, Trenton, New Jersey, 29 November 1994. A speech to respond to those who might have assumed that the Administra-tion was going to back away from its support to multilateral peacekeeping operations after the 1994 mid-term elections in which neo-isolationism was an element in the Republican victory.]

ibid. "The United States and the United Nations in the Global Era," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 5, no 4 (24 January 1994), pp. 31-34.

[Bennet is Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs. This speech was given to the National Convention of the United Nations Association in New York on 6 January 1994. It provides the latest iteration of the U.S.' evolving international organization policy.]

Benton, Graham. "Will the Soviets leave Somalia?" Arabia and the Gulf (13 June 1977), pp. 8-9.

[Notes the abortive March 1977 effort by the Soviets and Castro to entice Ethiopia, Somalia and Yemen into "a Socialist Union of the Horn" and reports a Soviet alternative proposal to have Ethiopia cede a portion of the Ogaden to Somalia in exchange for a Somali promise not to take over Djibouti. Oddly, Somalia turned this something-for-nothing proposal down.]

Berdal, Mats R. "Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN Peacekeeping," Survival vol 36 no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 30-50.

[Presents a detailed examination of the course of U.S.-UN relations during the Clinton administration's first year. "American diplomacy since February 1993 should be viewed...as the attempt to reconcile two contradictory aspirations: demonstrating resolve while avoid measures that would place American lives at risk..." (p. 37). "It is clear ... that both the UN command structure in Somalia and military action in Mogadishu between June and November 1993 reflected a US military concept of operations, and was not an example of the US accepting UN command." (p. 40).]

ibid. Whither UN Peacekeeping? (London: Adelphi Paper 281 for Brassey's, October 1993) 88 p.

[An excellent essay on the issues confronting the UN as it attempts to improve its enforcement activities.]

Bereket Habte Selassie. "The American Dilemma on the Horn," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 22, no 2 (1984), pp. 249-272.

[Excellent review of U.S. relations with the Horn of Africa, including Somalia.]

ibid. Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980) 211 p.

[See "Somalia and the lost territories," pp. 97-125.]

Berenson, Douglas. "UN peacekeepers face new hurdles as missions, responsibilities expand," Arms Control Today vol 22 no 9 (November 1992), pp. 27, 33+.

Bergstrand, Brad M. "What Do You Do When There's No Peace To Keep?" Canadian Defence Quarterly (Spring 1994), pp. 25-30.

Bernstein, Richard. "Against New Odds, The U.N. Insists on Helping in Somalia," New York Times (18 July 1993), p. E4.

["...The Italians threaten to pull out; everyone else threatens to stay.."]

Bertram, Eva. "Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building," Journal of Conflict Resolution vol 39, no 3 (September 1995), pp. 387-418.

[An excellent overview of nation-building issues and the UN. Outlines many of the real pitfalls to peace building but provides neither proposals nor solutions.]

Bertrand, Maurice. "Les Nations unies s'enferment dans un rôle de pompiers: A Défault d'une Stratégie Concertée des Grande Puissances," Le Monde Diplomatique (juin 1993), p. 11.

Besteman, Catherine. "The Invention of Gosha: Slavery, Colonialism and Stigma in Somali History," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 43-62.

Bettati, Mario. "L'ONU et l'action humanitaire," Politique Etrangère 3/93, pp. 641-658.

Betts, Richard K. "The Delusion of Impartial Intervention," Foreign Affairs vol 73 no 6 (November/December 1994), pp. 20-33.

[The author argues against applying a pure notion of impartiality in peace enforcement operations. While this is not normally the issue (UNITAF never tried to be impartial in Somalia), the comment is valid.]

Beylau, Pierre. "Somalie: Théâtre d'Opération," L'Express (12 decembre 1992), pp. 8-10.

ibid. "Somalia: Théâtre d'opération," Le Point (12 décembre 1992), pp. 26-28.

[An interesting case of the same article appearing simultaneously in competing journals.]

Bierman, John. "Somalia: Victims of torture: Somali refugees are seeking safety in Canada," Maclean's vol 101, issue 48 (21 November 1988), pp. 40-44.

Biles, Peter. "Anarchy Rules," Africa Report vol 37, no 4 (July-August 1992), pp. 30-3.

ibid. "Going it Alone," Africa Report vol 37, no 1 (January-February 1992), pp. 58-61.

[According to Biles: "Unlike warring Somalia to the south, the self-proclaimed independent Republic of Somaliland has handled the aftermath of the ouster of long-time dictator Mohamed Siad Barre differently..."]

ibid. "Filling the Vacuum," Africa Report vol 36, no 6 (November-December 1991), pp. 35-37.

[Describes the roots of the civil war in Mogadishu.]

ibid. "Starting from Scratch," Africa Report vol 36 no 3 (May-June 1991), pp. 56-59.

["Civil war still rages in Somalia, threatening to split the country into rival factions, after failed attempts to hold a national reconciliation conference. While some observers believe the country is a 'total write-off,' the interim prime minister remains optimistic..."]

Bilski, Andrew. "On the Attack; UN Peacekeepers Retaliate Against a Somali Warlord Blamed for the Deaths of 23 Pakistani Soldiers," Maclean's 28 June 1993), pp. 18-19.

ibid. "A Troubling Tour of Duty," Maclean's (31 May 1993), p. 21.

[More on allegations of neo-Nazis and torturers in Canadian UNOSOM forces.]

ibid. "A Professor Walking the Front Lines: Boutros-Ghali's Troubled UN Reign," Maclean's vol 106 no 3 (18 January 1993), p. 30.

[Refers negatively to the "activism" of the Secretary-General. Notes his unsuccessful efforts to persuade the Americans to disarm the factions.]

Bird, Julie. "About 350 U.S. Airmen Remain as Somalia Mission Winds Down," Air Force Times 53 (19 April 1993), p. 22.

ibid. "AMC Learning from Somalia Airlift," Air Force Times 53 (1 March 1993), p. 24.

ibid. "KC-10s Provide Supplies, Cool Relief," "Maintainers Keep Pace Despite Heavy Workload," "Security Police Keep Peace at Airport," and "Somalia: Airlift Crews Manage to Keep Cargo Flowing," Air Force Times 53 (4 January 1993), p. 6.

ibid. "Supplying Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (28 December 1992), p. 4.

ibid. "Somalia Operation to Test Air Mobility Command," Air Force Times 53 (14 December 1992), p. 4.

ibid. "14 C-130s of AMC Assigned to Food Airlift," Air Force Times 53 (21 September 1992), p. 26.

Bishop, James K. "Escape from Mogadishu," Foreign Service Journal (March 1991), pp. 26-32.

[Jim Bishop was U.S. Ambassador to Somalia but had already left the country by the time Siad Barre fell. The U.S. Embassy was evacuated in early January 1991 as Mogadishu became more chaotic and diplomats could no longer function. Ambassador Bishop's previous post had been Monrovia, from which he also was evacuated by the U.S. Marines.]

Bishop, Patrick, "Una despiadada guerra civil destroza Somalia: El país espera agonizante la ayuda international mientras las calles de la capital, Mogadiscio, se llenan de sangre," El Mundo Magazine (18-19 abril 1992), pp. 8-11.

[Photos by the author punctuate the call for international support.]

Blechman, Barry M. "The Intervention Dilemma," The Washington Quarterly vol 18 no 3 (Summer 1995), pp. 63-73.

[A thoughtful analysis of the current debate on intervention: "The impulse for intervention is not some fad, nor a plot foisted on innocent populations by a liberal clique, as some have maintained. It reflects the deeply held humanitarian values of democratic populations in the contemporary age."]

ibid. "The Military Dimensions of Collective Security," in Roger A. Coate, ed. U.S. Policy and the Future of the United Nations (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994) pp. 67-88.

[Discusses a number of issues pertaining to the Somalia intervention.]

Blechman, Barry M. and J. Matthew Vaccaro. Training for Peacekeeping: The United Nations Role (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, Report no 12, July 1994) 36 p. + numerous appendices.

[Discusses various alternative training programs for peacekeeping operations.]

Bloomfield, Lincoln P. "The Premature Burial of Global Law and Order: Looking Beyond the Three Cases from Hell," The Washington Quarterly vol 17 no 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 145-161.

[The author looks at the prospects for humani-tarian intervention within the context of the three "cases from hell:" Somalia, Haiti, the former Yugoslavia.]

ibid. "Policing World Disorder," World Monitor 6 (February 1993), pp. 34-37.

Blum, Debra E. "Professor Plunges From Tranquility to Conflict," The Chronicle of Higher Education (13 January 1993), p. A5.

[Interview with Professor Said S. Samatar.]

Blumenthal, Sidney. "Why Are We in Somalia?" The New Yorker (25 October 1993), pp. 48-60.

["...From the start, the Somali misadventure had been marked by self-delusion..The mission was only incidentally about the Somalis: Somalia simply provided an arena for George Bush and Colin Powell to transform past failure into certain success..."]

Bolton, John R. "Wrong Turn in Somalia," Foreign Affairs vol 73, no 1 (January/ February 1994), pp. 56-66.

[The author, a Bush Administration appointee who served as Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations, and therefore one of the architects of the failed Bush Somalia policy, blames the Clinton administration for the disaster. Written without footnotes, and evidently based on the author's recollections, the article includes some factual errors and odd interpretations, especially in the significance of UNSCR 814.]

Bongartz, M. The Civil War in Somalia, Its Genesis and Dynamics (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Current African Issues, 1991).

Bonnemaison, (Battalion Commander). "Les combats de Mogadiscio: Le sous-groupement blindé français en action," Armées d'Aujourd'hui no 184 (octobre 1994), pp. 16-19.

[Outlines events in June 1993 in Mogadishu, including French military response to the dramas taking place at that time.]

Bonner, Ray. "Why we went: How the United Nations turned its back on Somalia and subverted the best chance for peace," Mother Jones (March/April 1993), pp. 54-60.

[Sahnoun's confrontations with Aideed in Mogadishu and Kismayu, p. 56, Seychelles Conference, p. 58, events surrounding his dismissal, p. 58. Useful references.]

ibid. "Into Africa," The Spectator vol 269 no 8578 (5 December 1992), pp. 26-27.

[The author argues that it is nonsense for the U.S. to send in troops unless there is a serious effort at disarmament of the factions ahead of their arrival.]

Booker, Bryan M. "Somalia: The Roots of Today's Conflict," Strategy & Tactics no 171 (November-December 1994), pp. 53-61.

[This is an excellent article which includes useful historical background, a summary of Somali military tactics, traditional and otherwise, and a perceptive analysis of the narrow range of options open to warlords.]

Borchini, Charles P. Psychological Operations Support for Operation Restore Hope 9 December 1992 - 4 May 1993 (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College: Personal Experience Monograph, 1994) 36 + 23 p.

[LTC Borchini was chief psychological warfare officer with the Unified Task Force (UNITAF). His monograph is useful for understanding the limitations on any effective political operations during the UNITAF period. The bottom line, unfortunately, is that if you do not have a political end-game, it is difficult to formulate a coherent political message.]

Borchini, Charles (LTC) and Mari Borstelmann. "PSYOP in Somalia: The Voice of Hope," Special Warfare vol 7, no 4 (October 1994), pp. 2-10.

[See above report.]

Bosco, David. "Cold Feet: Rethinking Collective UN Security," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 50-51, 78.

[The U.N. charter does not refer to peacekeeping. It does, however, call for the formation of a Military Staff Committee, which the author suggests needs to be revived. The use of top commanders from the permanent Security Council members, "the execution of proposed and ongoing operations would undoubtedly create a new degree of seriousness around UN operations...It is hard to imagine the US plan for intervention in Somalia--bereft as it was of plans to disarm the warlords--standing up in the company of military leaders from the countries who would take over after the US left..." The US opposes recreation of the MSC, "basing its opposition on skepticism about the UN, rather than a thoughtful analysis of the proposal."]

Boss, Leslie P. Michael J. Toole and Ray Yip. "Assessments of mortality, morbidity, and nutritional status in Somalia during the 1991-1992 famine," JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association vol 272 no 5 (3 August 1994), pp. 371-376.

[The team studied 23 population surveys used in Somalia in the 1991-1993 period and found that of the 16 studies assessing mortality, only eight noted the cause of death; of the eleven studies providing information on morbidity, none provided case definitions. The authors call for standardization of methods.]

Botes, Jannie. "An Exit Interview with 'Hank' Cohen," CSIS Africa Notes no 147 (April 1993) 7 p.

[Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Hank Cohen: "I am particularly proud of the leadership role I played in persuading the national security system to accept the concept of a strong military intervention in Somalia. Between January and August 1992, my colleagues who cover East Africa and I were lonely voices calling for an activist policy...It is too early to say whether Somalia is a precedent for future military interventions to deal with humanitarian disasters, but I have the feeling that in Somalia we may have seen the laying of the cornerstone for the new world order..."]

Boudra, William F. "Engineers Restore Hope," The Military Engineer 85 (July 1993), pp. 4-9.

Boulaga, F. Eboussi. Les conférences nationales en Afrique noire: Une affaire à suivre (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1993) 229 p.

[Had the various Addis Ababa conferences on Somalia been constructed on the principles of authentic national conferences similar to those in Benin, Niger and Togo, the warlords would have seen their powers diminished. The mass of Somalis who hoped that the U.S. intervention would free them from warlord domination would have been eager participants.]

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. "Letter dated 18 April 1995 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council" (New York: UN Security Council document S/1995/322, 21 April 1995) 4 p.

[The Secretary-General communicates to the Security Council his intention to maintain a small political office "temporarily" in Nairobi to monitor events in Somalia. The office will not be maintained at the SRSG level; Victor Gbeho can return to his country. Includes 2 page press release from the SNA dated 11 April 1995 in which it opposes any further UN "interference" in Somali domestic affairs.]

ibid. Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (New York: United Nations, A/50/60 and S/1995/1, 3 January 1995) 24 p.

[A thoughtful and very useful review of current problems facing the United Nations institution, including peacekeeping and peace enforcement.]

ibid. "Beleaguered Are the Peacekeepers," The New York Times OP-ED (30 October 1994), p. E15.

["...The U.N. is doing what it was born to do...Each operation is different." There are four major challenges: ...command and coordination...simultaneously fielding multiple operations by multiple actors...and the new regionalism." On "the changing nature of conflict...under certain cir cumstances, the Security Council can authorize action to address a local conflict: when a state requests it, as in Cambodia; when all semblance of state authority vanishes, as in Somalia, and when whole populations are singled out for genocide, as in Rwanda..."]

ibid. "An Agenda for Peace: One Year Later," Orbis vol 37 (Summer 1993), pp. 323-332.

ibid. "UN Peace-Keeping in a New Era: A New Chance for Peace," World Today vol 49 (April 1993), pp. 66-69.

ibid. "Empowering the United Nations," Foreign Affairs vol 71 (Winter 1992-1993), pp. 89-102.

ibid. An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (New York: United Nations, 31 January 1992) 53 p.

[See also Alain Debove and Jean-Pierre Langellier, for interview with Boutros-Ghali in January 1993.]

Bowens, Gregory J. "Foreign Policy: Contrary Paths to Peacekeeping Converge in Wake of Violence: President, Congress Shy Away from U.S. Intervention as Bloodshed and Risks Abroad Escalate," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (2 October 1993), p. 2655-2657.

ibid. "Officials Urge Fund Approval, Say U.S. Key in Peacekeeping," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 29 (17 July 1993), p. 1893.

[The Administration warns Congress to be ready for more US involvement in international deployments such as Somalia and Bosnia.]

ibid. "House Backs Measure Allowing U.S. Role in U.N. Operation," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 22 (29 May 1993), p. 1373.

[A heated debate in Congress on its role in deploying troops overseas preceded a positive House vote authorizing US forces in Somalia.]

ibid. "Somalia: Resolution Would OK Troops To Operate Under U.N." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (22 May 1993), p. 1304.

Bowens, Gregory J. and Carroll J. Doherty. "Bombing, Widely Backed on Hill, Reopens War Powers Debate," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 27 (3 July 1993), pp. 1750-1751.

[Although the bombing of the Baghdad intelligence center was warmly received in Congress, it did reopen the debate on war-making powers. A resolution authorizing the UN mission in Somalia are also discussed.]

Bowie, David. "The Don't-turn-your-back-on-your roots revolution: Iman," Interview vol 24, no 10 (October 1994), pp. 162-163+.

[The famed showman interviews his beauteous Somali-born wife, gaining her comments about Somalia, Africa in general, famous people she has met, her life as a model, acting, her cosmetics business and life at home.]

Bradbury, Mark. "The case of the yellow settee: experiences of doing development in post-war Somaliland," Community Development Journal vol 29, no 2 (1994), pp. 113-122.

[Recounts the travails of ACTIONAID, a British charity with long experience in Somalia. The NGO was forced out of Erivago, Sanaag region, in May 1992, but was able to return six months later. Its efforts to act as a bridge between communities and donors are described.]

ibid. The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace (Oxford: Oxfam Research Paper no. 9: An Exploratory Report for OXFAM [UK and Ireland] October 1993) 149 p.

[A valuable document. Reviews the role of the NGO community within the context of the fighting in Mogadishu and Kismayu, as well as events in Somaliland.]

Brady, Christopher, and Sam Daws. "UN Operations: The Political-Military Interface," International Peacekeeping vol 1 no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 59-79.

[An insightful discussion of command and control problems in Bosnia, Somalia and other UN operations.]

Brady, Diane. "Out of Africa," Maclean's vol 107 no 9 (28 February 1994), pp. 57-58.

[Reviews a book to be released in May 1994, which recounts the life of 'Aman, a Somali woman, from 1952 to present.]

Brady, James. "No more fresh meat: Somalia isn't a country, it's a brawl. There are no lines of demarcation, no 'blue line' as in Beirut," Advertising Age vol 64, no 43 (11 October 1993), p. 22.

[Well, James, actually, does it make any difference if Mogadishu and Beirut both had green lines and not blue lines? Blue is just not the in-color in fashion circles in either city this year. Everyone has the right, of course, to their own color preferences, but let's let a Green Line lie.]

Branaman, Brenda M. Somalia: Chronology of Events, June 26-1960 - October 14, 1993 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 15, 1993) 11 p.

ibid. Somalia: Chronology of Events, June 26-1960 - January 28, 1993 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service n.d.) n.p.

Brand, (Capt) David L. (Sgt) Paul J. Bryson and (Spec.) Alfredo Lopez, Jr. "Intelligence Support to the Logistician in Somalia," Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin vol 20 no 4 (October-December 1994).

[An excellent review of military intelligence collection techniques and difficulties in support of Operation Restore Hope.]

Brannon, James R. and Vernon Lowrey. "Lesson Learned: Somalia and Operation Restore Hope," Engineer 23 (April 1993), pp. 22-24.

Brauman, Rony. Le crime humanitaire: Somalie (Paris: Arlea, 1993) 30 p.

[The author is the president of the prominent French humanitarian organization, Médecins sans frontières. He takes issue with the original decision to provide armed humanitarian assistance and the UN decision to fire Special Representative Mohamed Sahnoun in the Fall of 1992. He suggests that what we are seeing is the creation of a permanent military intervention force.]

Bridge, T.D. "Australia Commits 900 Soldiers to Restore Hope in Somalia," Army Defence Quarterly Journal 123 (January 1993), pp. 5-7.

Brody, Reed. "UN Peace-Building and Human Rights," The Review of the International Commission of Jurists no 53 (December 1994), pp. 1-11.

[Lays out the need to include human rights considerations in every aspect of peacekeeping; includes six lessons.]

Brook, Diane L. and George A. Brook. "Social Studies for Somali Nomads," Social Studies vol 84, no. 1 (1991), pp. 5-13.

[Describes a program designed to bring the nomadic population of Somalia into the educational mainstream.]

Brown, Michael E. ed. Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ Press, 1993) 276 p.

Bruner, Edward F. Somalia: Military Command Arrangements (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, November 4, 1993) 2 p.

Bryden, Matt. "Somalia: The Wages of Failure," Current History vol 94 no 591 (April 1995), pp. 145-151.

["Somalis will remember the international intervention not by its good intentions but by the evidence of its failure...the international community cannot take much pride in its efforts to aid the country." The author falls down in his analysis when he get to the Galcayo confer-ence, mistaking Aideed's artful neutralization of the SSDF in order to be able to be ready to confront the UN as a success. Several useful observations include: "Virtually every clan now finds its political fortunes linked to the conflict in Mogadishu (which was not the case when war broke out in 1991)." and "...experience shows that in Somalia 'victory' does not mean 'government'," Good observations delivered with mild venom.]

ibid. "Fiercely Independent," Africa Report vol 39 no 6 (November/December 1994), pp. 35-40.

[Good review of the background to the 1992 decision of the people of northwest Somalia to regain the independence which they ceded to Mogadishu in 1960. Also includes "Interview with Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal: Going It Alone," pp. 41-42.]

ibid. "Somalia: Status Quo Ante?" Africa Report vol 39 no 3 (May-June 1994), pp. 18-23.

[Bryden has lived in Somalia since 1990 as an employee of the Canadian government. According to his account, no tears were shed by Somalis at the departure of the U.S. force.]

ibid. Somaliland: Reversal or Renewal (Nairobi: Canadian High Commission, 14 January 1993) no pagination. Field trip report.

Burback, Steve (Sgt Maj). "The Blue Helmets: A History of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces," Special Warfare vol 7 no 1 (January 1994), pp. 2-6.

[Pretty lean fare for a lead-off article.]

Burkhalter, Holly J. "The 'Costs' of Human Rights," World Policy Journal vol 11 no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 39-49.

ibid. "Somalia," in The Lost Agenda: Human Rights and U.N. Field Operations (New York: Human Rights Watch, June 1993), pp. 107-134.

[Ms. Burkhalter is the Washington director of the Human Rights Watch. Her review of the Somalia humanitarian intervention is one of several, including El Salvador, Cambodia, former Yugoslavia and Iraq. Recommendations are made in each case to alleviate the effects of the various conflicts on non-combatants.]

Burns, Robert E. "The Examined Life: Qualms for the Poor," U.S. Catholic vol 58, no 1, p. 2.

[Looks into the issue of providing help for man-made versus natural disasters.]

Burton, Richard. First Footsteps in East Africa (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966) 320 p.

[First published in 1856, the book describes the author's expedition through northwest Somalia and up into Harar. His impressions of the Somali are generally negative.]

Bush, George. "President's Remarks on START II and Somalia Trip," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4 no 1 (4 January 1993). These remarks and subsequent exchange with the press are contained under the same title in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol 28, no 53 (4 January 1993), pp. 2387-2388.

[Brief opening remarks before the press at the White House on 30 December 1992.]

ibid. "Humanitarian Mission to Somalia: Address to the Nation, Washington, DC, December 4, 1992," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 49 (7 December 1992), pp. 865-866. Also available as "Conditions in Somalia: Creating a secure environment," Vital Speeches of the Day vol 59 no 6 (1 January 1993), pp. 1162-1163.

ibid. "Humanitarian Crisis in Somalia: Text of a letter to the Speaker of the House and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Washington, DC, December 10, 1992," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 50 (14 December 1992), p. 877.

Bush, Kenneth. "Unhappy marriages of convenience: Military-NGO collaboration in Humanitarian Crises," a letter published in Security Dialogue vol 26 no 1 (March 1995), pp. 109-111.

["...in Somalia, where military intervention so skewed the allocation of available resources that the subversion of humanitarian and development objectives was near-inevitable..."]

Butler, Keith (S.SGT.). "Captive in Somalia: Drawing on his Army survival, evasion, resistance and escape training held CWO 3 Michael Durant survive 11 days as a prisoner of Somali gunmen," Soldiers (January 1994), pp. 22-27.