Cable, Larry. "Reinventing the Round Wheel: Insurgency, Counterinsurgency and Peacekeeping Post Cold War," Small Wars and Insurgencies (Autumn 1993), pp. 228-262.

Cable, Larry. "Reinventing the Round Wheel: Insurgency, Counterinsurgency and Peacekeeping Post Cold War," Small Wars and Insurgencies (Autumn 1993), pp. 228-262.

Cahill, Kevin M. 'A Necessary Balance: The crises in former Yugoslavia, Somalia and many other areas are not isolated events, but are part of a vast panorama of change signaling the turbulent passage of history from one age to another," America (28 August 1993), pp. 6-10.

Callahan, David. "Fall Back, Troops: Clinton's New U.N. Policy," Foreign Service Journal vol 71 no 5 (May 1994), pp. 20-28.

[Analyzes the process by which President Clinton's internationalist policies veered into an isolationist path.]

Callahan, Thomas J. "Some Observations on Somalia's Past and Future," CSIS Africa Notes no 158 (March 1994) 10 p.

[Callahan is the director for African affairs for the minority side of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. This is a good overview, not penetrating on the background problems.]

Campagne, Jean-Pierre. Dépêches de Somalie (Paris: Seuile, 1993) 84 p.

[Shocking personal vignettes of Somalia by a journalist covering the catastrophe.]

Campbell, Darwin. "Fort Campbell soldiers told Somalia service has written 'chapter in history of warfare'," Army Times (11 April 1994), p. 8.

Canan, James W. "A Model for Mobility," Air Force Magazine (September 1993), pp. 32-37.

Cantori, Louis J. "Regional Solutions to Regional Security Problems: The Middle East and Somalia," Middle East Policy vol III no 3 (1994), pp. 20-30.

Caputo, Robert. "Tragedy Stalks the Horn of Africa," National Geographic vol 184, no 2 (August 1993), pp. 88-121.

[The usual sparkling pictorial with unusually helpful political commentary on the Horn crisis.]

Carlsson, Ingvar. "Roles for the UN in International Security after the Cold War," Security Dialogue vol 26 no 1 (March 1995), pp. 7-18.

[The Prime Minister of Sweden proposes that the UN Charter be amended to permit an international response in countries in which the "security of people has been violated so severely" that such actions are justifiable on humanitarian grounds.]

Carothers, Thomas. "Democracy and Human Rights: Policy Allies or Rivals?" The Washington Quarterly vol 17 no 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 109-120.

Carpenter, Ted Galen. "Foreign Policy Peril: Somalia Set a Dangerous Precedent; U.S. Military intervention in Africa is the foreign policy equivalent of bungee jumping--a risky undertaking for which there is no compelling need," USA Today (May 1993), pp. 10-13.

Carpentier, Chantal. "La Resolution 688 (1991) du Conseil de Sécurité: quel devoir d'ingérence?" Études Internationales 23 (June 1992), pp. 279-317

[Cited in Garigue, p. 677.]

Carr, Caleb. "The Consequences of Somalia," World Policy Journal Volume X, No 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 1-4.

ibid. "The Humanitarian Illusion," New York Times (16 September 1993), p. A23.

[In both articles, the author takes issue with those that characterize the Somalia operation as "humanitarian intervention." He calls for either a UN protectorate or an early departure. There can be no middle ground in a civil war.]

Carter, Dan. "Marine Corps Counterintelligence in Somalia and Beyond," Defense Intelligence Journl np/ 4 (1995), pp. 83-89.

Carter, Jimmy. "Sustained Aid Can Prevent Somalias," Wall Street Journal (29 December 1992), p. A11 ("Op-Ed").

[The former president has long had an interest in the Horn of Africa. In this article, he notes the decline of assistance to the Third World and calls for better-placed assistance.]

Carver, Tom. "Somalia: Guns and dollars: A chaotic Christmas in Somalia suggests to Tom Carver that the American marines had better stay where they are," New Statesman & Society vol 6, issue 235 (15 January 1993), p. 18.

Cassanelli, Lee V. "The Ending of Slavery in Italian Somalia: liberty and the control of labor, 1890-1935," in S. Miers, R. Roberts, eds. The End of Slavery in Africa (Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 308-311.

[Dr. Cassanelli is a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a renowned scholar of Somali culture. His studies are primarily directed at the diverse peoples of the southern riverain zone. See next entries.]

ibid. "Society and culture in the riverain region of southern Somalia," in Katheryne S. Loughran, John L. Loughran, John William Johnson, and Said Sheikh Samatar, eds. Somalia in word and image (Washington, DC, and Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press for the Foundation for Cross Cultural Understanding, 1986), pp. 67-74.

ibid. The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 16001900 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982) 311 p.

ibid. "Migrations, Islam, and politics in the Somali Benaadir, 1500-1843," in Harold G. Marcus, ed. Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, African Studies Center, 1975), pp. 101-115.

[Outlines the different Islamic traditions that interacted in the Benadir between 1500-1843.]

Castagno, A.A. Somalia (New York: Carnegie Endowment, 1959) pp. 339400.

ibid. "Somalia Goes Military," Africa Report (February 1970), pp. 25-27.

ibid. "Somalia," in James S. Coleman and Carl G. Rosberg, Jr. eds. Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Univ of California Press, 1964), pp. 512-529.

Castagno, Margaret. Historical Dictionary of Somalia (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975) 243 p.

[Useful outline of people, places and historical events.]

ibid. "Somalia Goes Military," Africa Report (February 1970), pp. 25-27.

Cessou, Sabine. "Somalie: Tiers-mondisation des Casques bleus," Jeune Afrique Economie no 177 (mars 1994), p. 53.

[The departure of the U.S. and other western partners in the coalition changes the nature of the UNOSOM operation.]

ibid. "Somalie: Washington ne veut plus jouer au chat et à la souris," Jeune Afrique Economie no 173 (novembre 1993), p. 73.

[After the events of 3-4 October, no more U.S. "cat and mouse" military actions in Somalia.]

ibid. "L'éclatement en guise de réconciliation?" Jeune Afrique Economie no 176 (mai 1993), pp. 72-73.

[The author believes that the agreements made by the various faction leaders in March at the Addis Ababa meeting, if "by some miraculous chance" they are implemented, would doom the country to continuous civil war.]

ibid. "Restore Hope et après," Jeune Afrique Economie (janvier 1993), pp. 169-173.

Chace, James. "The American Conscience," World Policy Journal vol 10, no 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 111-112.

[President Clinton has failed to define U.S. interests in Somalia and Bosnia; his inability to link national interests and moral commitments is probably the major flaw.]

Chamberlain, Elizabeth. "Operation Restore Truth," Humanist vol 54, no 4 (July 1994), pp. 27-29.

[Chamberlain quite properly points out that the U.S. strongly supported the dictator Siad Barre, training some of the military officers who were some of the Somali dictator's cruelest servants. The author's story gets terribly muddled when she picks Aideed as the wronged nationalist leader whom we should have supported from the outset.]

Chanareille, Dr. Pierre-Marie. Mogapoly: un humanitaire à Mogadisio: récit autobiograpique: <<Emotions somaliennes>> (Paris: Tirésias, 1993) 217 p.

[The author served with the French humanitarian organization, Médecins sans Frontières, in Mogadishu.]

Charters, David A. ed. Peacekeeping and the Challenge of Civil Conflict Resolution (New Brunswick, Center for Conflict Studies: Proceedings of the Sixth annual Conflict Studies Conference, September 1992), 220 p.

Childers, Erskine, ed. Challenges to the United Nations: Building a Safer World (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations and St. Martin's Press, 1994) 216 p.

[An interesting selection of articles examining primarily the humanitarian dimension of U.N. operations.]

Chopra, Jarat; Åge Eknes and Toralv Nordbø. "Fighting for Hope in Somalia," in Peacekeeping and Multinational Operations no 6 (1995) 108 p.

[This publication by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) is replete with detail and ends with a perceptive list of "lessons learned" about the Somalia intervention.]

Chopra, Jarat and Thomas G. Weiss. "Sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct: codifying humanitarian intervention," Ethics and International Affairs vol 6 (1992), pp. 95-188.

[The world community has a humanitarian mandate which is independent of, and in some sense, superior to states and the society of states.]

Chossudovsky, Michel. "Dépendance alimentaire, 'ingérence humanitaire' en Somalie: De 'Tempête du Désert á 'Rendre l'Espoir'," Le Monde Diplomatique (juillet 1993), pp. 16-17.

[Looks at Operation Restore Hope in terms of the ruined Somali economy.]

Christopher, Warren, Les Aspin and Admiral Jeremiah. "Achieving a Political Settlement in Somalia," U. S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4, no 42 (18 October 1993), pp. 715-716.

Church, George J. "Anatomy of a Disaster: They Beat Me Violently with Their Fists," Time (18 October 1993), pp. 40-50.

[Includes ghastly pictures from Mogadishu.]

ibid. "Somalia: Mission Half Accomplished: Hard Lessons from Mogadishu as Clinton pursues military intervention in Bosnia," Time (17 May 1993), pp. 42-43.

Church, George J. and Michael Kramer. "In and Out with the Tide," Time (25 October 1993), pp. 26-32.

[The crisis in U.S. Somali policy caused by the deaths of U.S. Ranger forces in Mogadishu in early October leads to an assessment of President Clinton's advisors. Their evident lack of capabilities cause concern about Haiti.]

Clapham, Christopher. "The Horn of Africa: Consequences of insurgency," Africa Insight vol 23, no 4 (1993), pp. 184-189.

[Somalia no longer represented an insurgency situation in any classical sense -- after the collapse of Siad Barre, there was no state to capture. The various clan-based groups "fought instead to maintain the power of their bosses, the autonomy of their clan followings, and a cut from the international aid which their own activities and the resulting destitution of the Somali people had attracted to the country." (p. 185).]

ibid. "The Political Economy of Conflict in the Horn of Africa," Survival vol XXXII, no 5 (September/ October 1990), pp. 403-419.

[The author presents many compelling observations on the complicated Somali situation: "In the case of Somalia, both ethnic identity and access to political power are deeply affected by the ambivalence between a unifying Somali nationalism on one hand, and the persistence of clan-based identities on the other." I.M. Lewis is cited on this. The author examines the current fight against Siad Barre and notes that "Somalis from almost all major clan groups have at one time or another enjoyed prominent positions in national politics, and may presumably expect to do so in the future." pp.409-410. Clapham reasons that (a)"reason why such impoverished societies (are) able to keep fighting for so long (is)the ability of both governments and insurgents to extract resources from the international economy." In Somalia, Siad Barre was able to sustain his suppression of the north by systematically exaggerating the number of refugees -- working out food aid "by a process of diplomatic negotiation between the Somali government and the UNHCR." Another interesting quote: "The principles and policies that they have pursued, whether these take the form of Marxist-Leninism or the implementation of Sharia law, may all be seen as mechanisms intended to reinforce their own control over their subject populations." p. 414.]

Clark, Jeffrey. "Debacle in Somalia: Failure of the Collective Response," chapter 5 in Lori Fisler Damrosch, ed. Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993) pp. 204-239.

[The author's angry overview of U.S. and U.N. policies in Somalia calls for a thoroughgoing review of international assistance policies in the Post Cold War World.]

ibid. "Prelude to Disaster," The Humanitarian Monitor no 1 (June 1993), pp. 3-6.

ibid."Debacle in Somalia," Foreign Affairs vol 72, no 1 (January 1993), pp. 109-123.

Clarke, John L. (LTC). "The Enforcement Specialists: US Forces Are Best Suited to Peace Enforcement," Armed Forces Journal (February 1995), pp. 34-35.

["US armed forces are not well suited for traditional peacekeeping missions and should focus their resources on peace-enforcement operations..." The author is credited with being the principal author of FM 100-23, Peace Operations, published by the Army in December 1994.]

ibid. "Which Forces for What Peace Ops?" Naval Institute Proceedings (February 1995), pp. 46-48.

[More practical words from the former chief of the doctrine-writing team for peace operations at Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, Ft. Monroe, VA.]

Clarke, Walter S. "Testing the World's Resolve in Somalia," Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly vol. XXIII, no 4 (Winter 1993-94), pp. 42-58.

[Written by the compiler in considerable frustration in the summer of 1993 after returning from four months at USLO, Mogadishu.]

ibid. Somalia: Background Information for Operation Restore Hope, 1992-1993 (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, SSI Special Report, December 1992) 42 p.

[Background on the Somali clan system prepared for the 10th Mountain Division just as it was being deployed.]

Clarke, Walter S. and Jeffrey Herbst. "Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention," Foreign Affairs (forthcoming). Also available in Center of International Studies, Monograph Series, Number 9, Princeton University, 1995,18 p.

ibid., eds. Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, forthcoming).

[Papers presented at the conference of the same title, Woodrow Wilson Center, Princeton University, 21-22 April 1995.]

Clinton, Bill. "Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate," March 1, 1995, 2 p.

[Provides explanation of decision to permit the use of U.S. forces to assist in the final evacuation of U.N. troops from Somalia.]

ibid. "Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Congressional Medal of Honor," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (30 May 1994), pp. 1150-1151.

[For the posthumous presentations of the Congressional Medal of Honor to Master Sergeant Gary Gordon and Sergeant First Class Randall Shugart. The effort to gain some credit from the military was unsuccessful; a subsequent meeting with the families of the fallen apparently did not go well, and various veterans groups used the occasion to revile the President's policies.]

ibid. "Remarks to Soldiers and Their Families at Fort Drum, New York, March 15, 1994," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (15 March 1994), pp. 539-541.

[The 10th Mountain Division is based at Fort Drum. This visit was planned for the departure of reinforcement troops to Somalia.]

ibid."Remarks on the Earned-Income Tax Credit and an Exchange with Reporters," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (14 March 1994), pp. 478-481.

[In a news conference, President Clinton includes some comments about income tax, former President Nixon's trip to Russia and the final departure of U.S. troops from Somalia.]

ibid. "Clinton Predicts Victory for Trade Agreement," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 45 (13 November 1993), pp. 3148-3150.

[Press conference on 10 November to push NAFTA. Brief of mention of Somalia; denies that State Department Deputy Secretary Clifton Wharton would be "sacrificial lamb" for the Somalia policy debacle.]

ibid. "Interview with Timothy Russert and Tom Brokaw on 'Meet the Press'," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (15 November 1993), pp. 2287-2299.

[In reply to a question from Tim Russert about a recent request by Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali to disarm the factions: "...that's the argument he made to the Bush administration. President Bush's administration simply refused to get involved in disarmament. Arguably, it would have been easier then, at the moment when we came in, when everybody was starving and we were at our moment of maximum popularity and leverage, but I'm not sure that decision is wrong..."]

ibid. "U.S.-Egypt Commitment to Middle East Peace," U. S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4, no 44 (1 November 1993), pp. 713-714.

[In opening statements at a joint news conference with President Mubarak of Egypt, President Clinton observes that Somalia is on their agenda for talks.]

ibid. "Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters Prior to a Meeting With Members of Congress, October 19, 1993)," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (19 October 1993), pp. 2107-2108.

[Assures journalists that efforts are continuing to obtain a political solution to the Somalia problem.]

ibid. "The President's news Conference with Prime Minister Ciller of Turkey, October 15, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (18 October 1993), pp. 2076-2082.

ibid. "'There was no deal' to release U.S. soldier," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 41 (16 October 1993), pp. 2839-2841.

[Transcript of a news conference in which the release of Somali captive Michael J. Durant and the President's decision to increase troop strength in Somalia are discussed.]

ibid. "The President's New Conference, October 14, 1994, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (18 October 1993), pp. 2068-2073.

ibid. "Message to the Congress Transmitting a Report on Somalia, October 13, 1993, " Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (18 October 1993), pp. 2065-2066. This same document is also available as: "Report on U.S. Military Operations in Somalia Transmitted to Congress," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4 no 43 (25 October 1993), p. 747.

ibid. "U.S. Military Involvement in Somalia: Address to the Nation 7 October 1993," U. S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4, no 42 (18 October 1993), pp. 713-714.

ibid. "Address to the nation on Somalia," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (11 October 1993), pp. 2022-2025. Also reproduced as "Somalia: Our Troops Will Leave by March 31, 1994," Vital Speeches of the Day vol 60, no 2 (1 November 1993), pp. 34-36.

[Acknowledges that the original mission to provide succor to the Somalis has expanded.]

ibid. "Exchange with Reporters at Yale University in New Haven, October 9, 1993, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (18 October 1993), pp. 2054-2055.

[What conditions for dealing with Aideed?]

ibid. "Exchange With Reporters on Departure for New Brunswick, New Jersey, October 8, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (11 October 1993), p. 2036.

ibid. "Remarks to the Community and an Exchange with Reporters in San Francisco, October 4, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (11 October 1993), pp.

1993-1998.

ibid. "U.S. Military Involvement in Somalia," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 4 no 42 (18 October 1993), pp. 713-714.

[The President announces that U.S. forces will be removed from Somalia before 31 March 1994. In the meantime, more troops will be deployed to protect the forces that are there.]

ibid. "Exchange with Reporters Prior to a Meeting with Congressional Leaders, September 28, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (4 October 1993), pp. 1913-1914.

ibid. Address By the President to the 48th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (New York: The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 27 September 1993) 9 p. This speech is also available in Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 39 (2 October 1993), pp. 2679-2682.

[In this speech, the President states that while the U.S. will continue to participate in UN peacekeeping forces, it will reduce its role.]

ibid. "The President's News Conference with Prime Minister Ciampi of Italy, September 17, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (20 September 1993), pp. 1799-1806.

ibid. "The President's News Conference With Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi of Italy in Tokyo," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (7 July 1993), pp. 1282-1285.

[In the joint press conference, issues relating to Somalia and cooperation within the UNOSOM force predominate.]

ibid. "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Somalia," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (1 July 1993), pp. 1216-1217.

[Notifies Congress of the U.S. intention to support SRSG Howe's 17 June arrest order on Aideed.]

ibid. "Remarks Following Discussions with President Sam Nujoma of Namibia and an Exchange with Reporters, 16 June" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (16 June 1993), pp. 1091-1094.

[The joint Clinton-Nujoma meeting with the press concludes with some telling questions on U.S. goals in Somalia.]

ibid. "The President's Radio Address, 12 June" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (21 June 1993), pp. 1070-1071.

[The President reports on the first raid on Aideed's quarters.]

ibid. "Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Situation in Somalia, 10 June" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (10 June 1993), pp. 1060-1061.

[This letter informs Congress of the Administration's intention to assist in implementing UNSCR 837 which instructs UNOSOM to go after the force which killed the Pakistani troops on 5 June. Identical letters were sent to Thomas S. Foley, Speaker of the House, and Robert C. Byrd, President pro tempore of the Senate.]

ibid. "Remarks Welcoming Home Military Personnel from Somalia, 5 May" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (10 May 1993), pp. 754-755.

[President Clinton welcomes home Lt. Gen. Robert B. Johnston, USMC, Commander, Operation Restore Hope, and members of his staff.]

ibid. "A New Era of Peril and Promise," US Department of State Dispatch vol 4 no 5 (1 February 1993), pp. 57-58.

[Speaking as President-elect to the diplomatic corps, at Georgetown University, on 18 January, Clinton attempts to demonstrate that he is not a babe in the woods in foreign policy. Clinton notes his support for the "bold decision" to relieve the suffering in Somalia.]

Coate, Roger A., ed. U.S. Policy and the Future of the United Nations (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994) 284 p.

[Various articles relevant to the debate over intervention caused by the Somalia experience. See Barry M. Blechman and James F. Leonard.]

Cochran, Darrell. "Restoring Hope in Somalia," Soldiers 48 (February 1993), pp. 10-12.

Cockburn, Alexander. "Beat the Devil: Who Needs Tears," The Nation vol 257, no 22 (27 December 1993), pp. 790-791.

[The author meanders from Martha's Vineyard through Somalia to El Salvador, blithely blasting the U.S. government for its efforts "to assassinate" Aideed and supporting efforts to kill 63,000 Salvadorans.]

ibid. "Women in the News," The Nation (18 October 1993), p. 415.

[A grotesquely incorrect and unjustified attack on Ambassador April Glaspie, who was one of the few senior advisors to SRSG Howe who had the slightest notion how to formulate a coherent political-military policy.]

Cohen, Andrew. "After the Hunger, What? Some Scenes from an Intervention," The Nation (8 February 1993), pp. 145, 160-165.

["...Aidid's forces...went on a rampage in Baidoa just before the Marines arrived, killing potential rivals and displacing thousands..." p. 162]

ibid. "Humane Intervention is Hell: Celebrating Christmas in Somalia with the UN, "Technicals," and the Buddha Man," The Village Voice (19 January 1993), pp. 26-28.

Cohen, Eliot A. "Peacemaking 101: A Nasty Little War," National Review vol 45 no 21 (1 November 1993), pp. 50-51.

["...Some have argued that the Somalia fiasco resulted from the expansion of a feasible and narrowly humanitarian mission of famine relief into something far more ambitious and far less tractable. Such a case would vindicate the burst of altruism that led the Bush Adminis-tration to throw 25,000 troops into the Horn of Africa without a trace of national interest to justify their action. Such excuses, however, fail to exculpate President Bush. Did he or his former Cabinet members publicly declaim against the strategic error of an expanded mission this spring? And does not his former deputy national security advisor, Admiral Jonathan Howe, serve as the UN representative in Somalia?..."]

Cohen, Herman J. "Intervention in Somalia," in Allan E. Goodman, ed., The Diplomatic Record: 1992-1993 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 51-80.

[A straightforward discussion of the events that led to the U.S. intervention in December 1992. Although Cohen remained at his post until March 1993, he had little to do with Somalia after the decision to intervene in November 1992.]

ibid. "Aideed's the Loser," Washington Post (27 October 1993), p. A25.

[Hank Cohen muses on what Aideed's clan members ought to say to him about Aideed's policy errors. Also see Jannie Botes, "An Exit Interview with 'Hank' Cohen."]

ibid. "US Policy and Current Events in Kenya, Malawi, and Somalia," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 26 (29 June 1993), pp. 519-521.

ibid. "Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution in Africa," US Department of State Dispatch vol 4 (19 April 1993), pp. 270-272.

ibid. "Update on Operation Restore Hope," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3 (21 December 1992), pp. 896-898.

[Reproduces his prepared statement made before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, 17 December 1992.]

ibid. "Somalia: US Relief Efforts," Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Washington, September 16, 1992, US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 38 (21 September 1992), pp. 713-714.

Cohen, Mitchel. "Somalia: The Cynical Manipula-tion of Hunger," Z Magazine (November 1993), pp. 33-36.

Coleman, Chrstopher C. And Jeremy Ginifer, rapporteurs. An Assessment of UNOSOM, 1992-1995: A Seminar Report (New York: The Lessons-Learned Unit of the [UN] Department of Peace-keeping Operations & The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs UN Programme, 1995)21 p.

[A review of the principal results of a seminar on the strategic and operational levels of UNOSOM, held in New York, 19-20 June 1995. Norough edges.]

Coll, Alberto R. "For U.S. Hidden Risks in Somalia's Feudal Chaos," Wall Street Journal (7 September 1993), p. 12.

[At the end of the Bush Administration, Professor Coll headed the Limited Intensity Conflict (LIC) bureau in the Pentagon. This piece is probably the most lucid explanation of the very limited intentions of the Bush Administration in launching Operation Restore Hope to be found in print. It also serves as a useful guide to understanding the miscalculations that occurred in the process.]

Collins, Carole. "U.N. action on Somalia famine too little and late: Commentary," National Catholic Reporter (14 August 1992), p. 10.

Comarin, Elio. "La Grande Somalie: un long rêve brisé," Jeune Afrique no 1539 (27 juin au 3 juillet 1990), pp. 72-77.

[Reviews the history of the Somali dream of unifying all Somalis under the same flag.]

Compagnon, Daniel. "The Lack of Consideration for Internal Political Dynamics in the International Intervention in Somalia," paper presented at the International Colloquium on Integration and Regionalism, Talence, Bordeaux, 27-30 April 1994.

[Not yet seen, but the title expresses a fundamental truth about the operation.]

ibid. "Somaliland: Un Ordre Politique en Gestation?" Politique Africaine no 50 (juin 1993), pp. 9-20.

ibid. "Dynamiques de mobilisation, dissidence armée et rébellion populaire: le cas du Mouve-ment National Somali (1981-1990)," Africa (Rome), vol 47, no 4 (1992), pp. 503-530.

ibid. "De l'état en formation à l'état en pointillé: la crise de la régulation politique en Somalie," in J.F. Menard, ed., États d'Afrique Noire (Paris: Karthala, 1991), pp. 205-240.

ibid. "The Somali Opposition Fronts: Some Comments and Questions," Horn of Africa vol XIII, nos 1&2 (Jan-Jun 1990), pp. 29-54.

Compart, Andrew. "Everyone 'Was Doing Heroic Things': McPeak Honors 3 Who Aided in Mogadishu Fight," Air Force Times 54 (14 February 1994), p. 4.

Conahan, Frank C. U.N. Peacekeeping: Observations on Mandates and Operational Capability, statement of Frank C. Conahan, Assistant Comptroller General, National Security and International Affairs Division, before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, June 9, 1993, 11 p.

Connaughton, Richard. "Military Intervention and UN peacekeeping," in Nigel S. Rodley, ed. To Loose the Bands of Wickedness: International Intervention in Defence of Human Rights (1992), pp. 165-197.

Connor, Walker. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994) 234 p.

[This book does not look specifically at Somalia, but it does examine the historical development of the concepts of self-determination, ethnicity and ethno-nationalism. Helpful.]

Contini, Paolo. Somali Republic: An Experiment in Legal Integration (Frank Cass Publishers: International Specialized Book Services, 1969) 92 p.

Cooper, Dale B. "Fast-Rope Into Hell: Spectacular Ranger Rescue Op In Somalia," Soldier of Fortune vol 19 no 7 (July 1994), pp. 40-45, 65+

[The story of the rescue of the survivors of the 3-4 October Ranger raid on Aideed's headquarters; it includes some basic diagrams of the combat action.]

Copley, Gregory. "Somalia Crisis Demonstrates Lack of Strategies," Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy vol XXI, no 9 (30 September 1993), p. 1.

Copson, Raymond. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II Updated January 6, 1994 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service) 16 p.

[During the course of U.S. participation in Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II, the Congressional Research Service produced many fine reports on the situation there.]

ibid. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II Updated October 15, 1993 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service) 16 p.

ibid. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 29 April 1993) 16 p.

ibid. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 6 January 1993) 14 p.

ibid. The Use of Force in Civil Conflicts For Humanitarian Purposes: Prospects For the Post-Cold War Era (Washington, DC: 2 December 1992) 27 p.

Copson, Raymond W. and Theodros S. Dagne. Congress and Africa in 1992: Focus on Humanitarian Concerns (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 21 April 1993) 18 p.

ibid. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 23 December 1992) 12 p.

ibid. Somalia: Operation Restore Hope (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 15 December 1992) 11 p.

Corelli, Rae. "The cavalry charges," MacLean's vol 105 no 50 (14 December 1992), pp. 25-26.

[Discusses the decision to deploy a fighting force to Somalia. Quotes retired Marine General Thomas Kelly who says that the risk of danger in Somalia as "two on a scale of 10."]

Corn, David, and Jefferson Morley. "Beltway Bandits: Repressive Regimes 'R' Us," The Nation vol 248, no 25 (26 June 1989), p, 876.

[Describes the public relations contract which Siad Barre's government maintains with the distinguished Washington law firm of Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelley. The firm also represents Moi's Kenya.]

Cornwell, Richard, "Operation Restore Hope: Africa's Introduction to the New World Order," Africa Insight vol 22, no 4 (1992 [1993]), pp. 226-228.

Coste, René (Monsignor). "View From the Vatican: The Moral Dimension of Intervention, Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 28-29, 67.

[The Vatican vigorously supports humanitarian intervention. On 5 December 1992, Pope John Paul II shocked his audience with the statement that "It is imperative that wars between nations and internal conflicts not be allowed to condemn defenseless citizens to starvation because of egotistical or partisan motives."]

Coulon, Jocelyn. Les casques bleus (Boucherville, Quebec: Éditions FIDES, 1994) 351 p.

[Includes discussions of interventions in Cambodia, Western Sahara and Somalia.]

Craib, J.A. The Problem of Mines and Their Clearance in Somalia: A Report for the United Nations Development Programme (Sandwich, Kent: Baric Consultants Ltd. PO Box 109, CT13 9HW, 11 December 1992) 40 p. + extensive annexes.

[The laying of mines appears to be a wide-spread art practiced by the former national army and the various militias. There are no systematic records of where mines have been placed, who placed them or if they have been removed. The result is that there are millions of mines, primarily in Somaliland, but also in certain southern areas. The report notes that, even with a concentrated program of mine removal, the mines will present public safety problems for years to come.]

Cramer, George R. "What's in the Nation's Best Interests?" VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81, no 4 (December 1993), p. 6.

[Cramer, Commander-inChief of the VFW, provides several familiar arguments against exposing U.S. forces to danger and at the same time rails against the U.N. It is peculiar to see rising isolationism among people who have fought for their country overseas.]

Crane, Robert. "The Civilian Role in Restoring Hope," Government Executive vol 25, no 2 (February 1993), p. 33.

[Outlines the activities of various U.S. civilian agencies involved in support of Operation Restore Hope.]

Crigler, T. Frank. "The Peace-Enforcement Dilemma," Joint Forces Quarterly (Autumn 1993), pp. 64-70.

[The former U.S. Ambassador to Somalia adds to the collective ambiguity. He has been one of the strongest opponents of a leading U.S. role in Somalia.]

Crocker, Chester A. "The Lessons of Somalia," Foreign Affairs vol 74 no 3 (May/June 1995), pp. 2-8.

[The lead "comment" in a very interesting and useful group of reflections on intervention.]

ibid. "Peacekeeping We Can Fight For: Beyond Bluffs and Trial Balloons, Rules of Constructive Involvement," Washington Post (8 May 1994), pp. C1, C4.

[In addition to the ritual absolution of the Bush Administration of any faults in its conception and planning of Operation Restore Hope, the article provides some useful notes for prospective peace enforcers.]

Cronin, Richard P. Somalia: Options for Congress and U.S. Policy (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 15, 1993) 13 p.

[Cronin's study lays out three scenarios for withdrawal and reminds Members of the levers Congress has over the Executive branch.]

Crossette, Barbara, "After 50 Years, the United Nations Must Redefine Itself for a New World," New York Times (18 September 1994) p. 16.

[A useful and thoughtful article about the new world order faced by the UN.]

Crozier, Brian. "World in Conflict: The Forlorn Cause: Can the UN--can the U.S.--take effective action in the post-cold-war world? Test case: Somalia," National Review (1 February 1993), pp. 50-53.

["...George Bush's...objectives: 1) Food for the needy. 2. The warring tribal leaders yield to a democratically elected president. 3) The United States secures a naval/military base on the Horn of Africa..."p. 51]

Curtis, Willie. "The inevitable slide into coercive peacekeeping: the U.S. roles in the New World Order," Defense Analysis (December 1994), pp. 305+.

[Is the use of coercive force in peace enforcement operations a legitimate mission for the U.S. military?]

Cushman, John H. LGen (ret). "Out of Somalia: United Shield," Proceedings of the US Naval Institute vol 121/5/1,107 (May 1995), pp. 129-130.

[Describes the organization and tasking of the Combined Task Force (CTF) under the command of LtG Tony Zinni which extracted the last UNOSOM II military units from Somalia in March 1995. The commander's intent statement is presented.]

ibid. "Somalia, Phase II...Phase III," Naval Institute Proceedings (November 1993), p.13.