Dagne, Theodros S. CRS Issue Brief: Somalia: War and Famine (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 1 March 1993) 18 p.

ibid. Somalia: War and Famine Updated January 6, 1993 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service) 15 p.

ibid. Somalia: War and Famine Updated December 15, 1992 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service) 13 p.

ibid. Somalia: Fact Sheet (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 10, 1992) 4 p.

ibid. Somalia: U.N. Security Council and U.S. Congressional Resolutions, January 1 - December 3, 1992 Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 7, 1992) 34 p.

ibid. CRS Report for Congress: Somalia: A Country at War-Prospects for Peace and Reconciliation (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 15 June 1992) 29 p.

ibid. The Horn of Africa: A Trip Report Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, November 15, 1991) 28 p.

ibid. Recent Political Developments in Ethiopia and Somalia Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, May 31, 1991) 6 p.

ibid. Somalia: Current Conditions and U.S. Policy Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, May 12, 1990) 23 p.

Dalleo, Peter T. "The Somali Role in Organized Poaching in Northeastern Kenya, c. 1909-1939," The International Journal of African Historical Studies vol 12 no 3 (1979), pp. 472-482.

[The network of organized game poaching, basically to support the illegal trade in trophies and ivory, involved cooperation among many ethnic groups.]

Damrosch, Lori Fisler, ed. Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993) 256 p.

[Six problem case studies: the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Haiti, Liberia, Somalia and Cambodia.]

ibid. "The Role of the Great Powers in the United Nations Peace-Keeping," "Comments" in The Yale Journal of International Law vol 1, no 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 429-434.

Daniel, Donald C.F. and Bradd C. Hayes, eds. Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995) 320 p.

[Contains the results of a conference held at the U.S. Naval War College in early 1994. Some of the articles on UN operations are excellent; others reflect misconceptions about the ends, ways and means of U.S. policy in the Somalia intervention.]

ibid. "Securing Observance of UN Mandates Through the Employment of Military Forces," An Occasional Paper of the Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Research Report 3-95 (Newport: U.S. Naval War College, Strategic Research Department, 1995) 22 p.

[A tentative review of a very serious topic, with recommendations.]

David, Steven R. Choosing sides: alignment and realignment in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 1991) 247 p.

[The author examines the fundamental cold war problem for third world leaders of balancing the competing demands of the U.S. and the Soviet Union. He introduces the concept of "omnibalancing," and examines the cases of Egypt under Sadat, Ethiopia under Mengistu, Somalia under Siad Barre, and the Sudan under Nimeiri.]

Davidow, Jeffrey. "The Horn of Africa: Statement before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 14 May 1991, US Department of State Dispatch vol 2 no 20 (20 May 1991), pp. 363-364.

[At the time, Davidow was the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs in the State Department.]

Davis, James L. "Building a Bridge for Hope," The Mobility Forum 2 (May-June 1993), pp. 38-39.

Davis, James W., Jr. and Jack Snyder. "Projecting Power Abroad: An Indirect Approach," in Charles Herman, ed., The American Defense Annual, 1993-1994 (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1994).

[Discussion of ways to integrate "Realpolitik" with humanitarian concerns.]

Davidson, Basil. "Somalia in 1975: some notes and impressions," Issue: Quarterly Journal of Opinion (Spring 1985), pp. 19-26.

ibid. "Soviet Presence in Somalia," Race and Class (Summer 1975), pp. 19-37.

Daze, Thomas J. Centers of Gravity of United Nations Operation, Somalia II (UNOSOM) Unpublished M.A. thesis (Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and Staff College, 1995) 166 p.

[LTC Daze was staff aide to MG Thomas Montgomery, Deputy UN Force Commander in UNOSOM. His study of the "centers of gravity" in Somalia is worthy of wider distribution.]

Declich, Francesca. "Identity, Dance and Islam among People with Bantu Origins in Riverine Areas of Somalia," in Ali Jamale Ahmed, ed. The Invention of Somalia (Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 191-222.

Dean, Jonathan. "Nonproliferation and Peace-keeping: Inseparable Relationship," unnamed journal article (12 January 1994) 16 p.

[The author astutely observes: "...after mistaken tactics in Somalia brought the defeat of an elite US army unit, eighteen deaths of US soldiers, and collapse of efforts to disarm the warlords in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, the Clinton administration took cover from a firestorm of congressional and public criticism behind a barricade of stringent conditions about future US participation in peacekeeping..."]

Debove, Alain, and Jean-Pierre Langellier. "Un entretien avec M. Boutros-Ghali: 'L'ONU souffre d'un excès de crédibilité' nous déclare le secrétaire général de l'Organisation des Nations unies," Le Monde (13 janvier 1993), pp. 1, 4.

[The Secretary-General is queried about his relations with Mohamed Farah Aideed.]

Decraene, Philippe. L'Experience Socialiste Somalienne (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1977) 219 p.

[This historical overview is especially valuable for understand the early years of Siad Barre's dictatorial rule. At the time, the author was a special correspondent for Le Monde. The publication of the book was especially timely in 1977 because it helped the French public understand why newly-independent Djibouti did not opt to join with neighboring Somalia.]

DeLancey, Mark W. et al, compilers. Somalia (Oxford, England and Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, c1988) 191 p.

[Annotated bibliography of enormous value in selecting useful materials on Somalia. We understand that an updated edition will soon be published.]

Dellums, Ronald V. (Rep.) "Preventive Engagement: Constructing Peace in a Post-Cold War World," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 24-27

[Help the victims before situations escalate. Problems cannot always be resolved through force of arms.]

DeLong, Kent, and Steven Tuckey. Mogadishu! Heroism and Tragedy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) 107 p.

[Recounting of the tragic events of 3-4 October 1993. Brief forward by Ross Perot.]

Denitch, Bogdan. "A Foreign Policy for Radical Democrats," Social Policy vol 23 no 2 (Fall 1992), pp. 23-27.

[Criticizes the Bush decision to deploy forces to Somalia because no political goals are apparent.]

De Soto, Alvaro and Graciana del Castillo. "Obstacles to Peacebuilding," Foreign Policy no 94 (Spring 1994), pp. 69-83.

[Although the study case is El Salvador, there are several important lessons applicable to Somalia.]

De Waal, Alex. "The Shadow Economy," Africa Report (March-April 1993), pp. 24-28.

[Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal were among the most strident opponents to the UN intervention in Somalia. De Waal describes Somalia as "the universal symbol of an African basket case. In fact, despite official statistics showing the country to be in a state of chronic disaster through the 1980's, the economy was thriving. But it was not the easily measurable economy. Instead, it was a hidden economy--comprising black marketeering, smuggling, corruption, stolen food aid, most of it in the hands of elites--and it is prospering today as the political and social structures of Somalia continue to disintegrate..."]

De Waal, Alex, and Rakiya Omaar. "Can Military Intervention be 'Humanitarian'? " Middle East Report vol 24 no 2-3, Nos 187-188.

["...Military humanitarian intervention has its own logic, which is difficult to reconcile with the demands of peacemaking and reconstruction. It is never 'clean' nor quick. It cannot solve humanitarian crises; it can only alter them..." This item is extracted from their Somalia Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment (London: Africa Rights, May 1993).]

ibid. "Doing Harm by Doing Good? The International Relief Effort in Somalia," Current History (May 1993), pp. 198-202.

[The obvious indignation of the two authors at the concept of armed humanitarian intervention causes them to oppose Restore Hope and all its sequels -- in this article, they strangely maintain that the true culprits are the international humanitarian organizations -- apparently foisting unnecessary aid on presumably self-sufficient and benevolent Somalis.]

ibid. "Somalia: Adding 'Humanitarian Intervention' to the U.S. arsenal," Covert Action Quarterly (Spring 1993), pp. 4-11.

ibid."The Lessons of Famine," Africa Report (November-December 1992), pp. 62-64.

[Written before the authors left 'Africa Watch' in a dispute over their vocal disagreement with the Restore Hope Operation.)

Diamond, Larry. "The Global Imperative: Building a Democratic World Order," Current History vol 93, no 579 (January 1994), pp. 1-7.

[A plea for the U.S. to stay the course in the quest for democracy around the world. "The great irony behind America's successful containment of communism over four and a half decades is that we were not prepared for victory in the cold war..."]

Diehl, Paul F. International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1993) 211 p.

ibid. "Institutional Alternatives to Traditional U.N. Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Regional and Multinational Options," Armed Forces and Society vol 19, no 2 (Winter 1993), pp. 209-230.

[The article examines the advantages and risks of multilateral security forces.]

Dionne, E.J. Jr. "Running from Foreign Policy," The Washington Post (12 October 1993), p. A19.

["...the president...could have withdrawn all the troops from Somalia when the political character of the mission became manifest early this year. Or he could have explained what we were really undertaking by staying. He did neither; indeed, it seems that while Clinton wasn't looking, he lost control over Somalia policy to the UN's Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who badly wanted to get Aideed..."]

Ditmars, Hadani. "Somalis in limbo - longing for home," New African (January 1995), pp. 8-9.

[The instability in Somali has created an enormous Somali diaspora. This article concerns the 65,000 Somalis who live in the London area.]

Djama, Marcel. "Sur la violence in Somalie: genèse et dynamique des formations armées," Politique Africaine mp 47 (1992), pp. 147-152.

[Anthropological study of the militias.]

Dobbie, Charles. A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping (Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 4/94) 137 p.

[LTC Dobbie, a British special forces officer, lays out comprehensive standards for traditional passive peacekeeping, i.e. the effort to maintain consent and the avoidance of confrontation. This is not doctrine that will be appealing either to the U.S. military nor to the U.S. public.]

Doherty, Carroll J. "Defining the National Interest: A Process of Trial and Error," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 52 no 12 (26 March 1994), pp. 750-754.

[A excellent survey of the tensions between the Executive and Legislative branches over foreign policy formulation.]

ibid. "Foreign Policy: House Sends Mixed Message Over Somalia Mission," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (13 November 1993), p. 3139.

ibid. "Lawmakers Pummel Christopher Over Peacekeeping Setbacks," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (6 November 1993), pp. 3059-3061.

[Appearances of the Secretary of State before the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs Committees did nothing to allay the concerns of lawmakers about the U.S. role in peace enforcement operations.]

ibid. "On Somalia, war powers law becomes a GOP weapon," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (30 October 1993), pp. 2987-2988.

[Rep. Benjamin A. Gilman, ranking Republican on the HFAC, dredges up a disused section of the 1973 War Powers Act hoping to force a withdrawal from Somalia by the end of January 1994.]

ibid. "Clinton Calms Rebellion on Hill by Retooling Somalia Mission: But Opponents in Senate push for speedier withdrawal as administration's credibility takes a beating," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51, no 40 (9 October 1993), pp. 2750-2751.

ibid. "Contrary Paths to Peacekeeping Converge in Wake of Violence," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51, no 39 (9 October 1993), pp. 2655-2657.

ibid. "Foreign Policy: Is Congress Still Keeping Watch," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 (21 August 1993), pp. 2267-2269.

ibid. "Divided Members Urge Clinton To Make His Case for Action: Leaders rally around president publicly, but apprehension reigns privately," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 19 (8 May 1993), p. 1170-1171

ibid. "Anxiety Grows on Capitol Hill Over Clinton's Approach," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 12 (20 March 1993), p. 683.

ibid. "United Nations' Newfound Muscle Relieves, Worries Washington: Congress likes sharing the global peacekeeping burden but flinches at lost authority and high price tags," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (6 March 1993), pp. 525-529.

ibid. "Somalia: The Question at the Hearing: 'How Do We Get Out?'," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (19 December 1992), p. 3890.

ibid. "Regional Flash Points Demand Attention of Lawmakers," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (15 February 1992), pp. 357-359.

Doherty, Carroll J. and Gregory J. Bowens. "Lawmakers Pummel Christopher Over Peacekeeping Setbacks," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 44 (6 November 1993), p. 3059-3061.

[Secretary Christopher's appearances before the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs committees on 4-5 November lead to highly-spirited condemnations of Administrative policies.]

ibid. "Contrary Paths to Peacekeeping Converge in Wake of Violence: President, Congress shy away from U.S. intervention as bloodshed and risks abroad escalate," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 44 (2 October 1993), p. 2655-2657.

Dole, Bob. "Peacekeepers and Politics," The New York Times (24 January 1994).

[In this Op-Ed piece, the then Senate Minority Leader outlines his proposed "peace powers act," which stakes out an isolationist view of the dangers of the New World Order. Just say no to U.S. collaboration in international peacekeeping efforts and no to a U.N. standing army. Though phrased in terms of Congressional relations with the Executive, it is clear that Dole continues to react negatively to the Somalia operation.]

Doll, William J. and Steven Metz. The Army and Multinational Peace Operations: Problems and Solutions Report of a round table Sponsored by Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College and the U.S. Army Peacekeeping Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, November 29, 1993) 30 p.

Dominus, Susan. "The New Military Wives," Glamor vol 92 no 2 (February 1994), p. 71.

[Wives of U.S. military personnel rarely become involved in anti-war protests. This article reviews the efforts of Terri Galloway and Maria DeGrace in opposition to US involvement in Somalia.]

Donaldson, T. Douglas. "Get out of Somalia," American Legion Magazine vol 136 no 1 (January 1994), pp. 20-22.

[The National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution calling for the removal of US troops from Somalia at its 1993 Fall meeting.]

Donham, Donald and Wendy James, eds. The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology (London: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 308 p.

Donnelly, Jack. "Human rights, humanitarian crisis, and humanitarian intervention," International Journal vol 48 no 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 607-640.

[Examines the Somalia case; the author disapproves in principle of all interventions. Referring to the case of Somalia, "massive breakdowns in authority...are relatively rare. Civil war...is a much more common cause of humanitarian crisis" (p. 613).]

ibid. International Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).

ibid. "Human rights: the impact of international action," International Journal 43 (Spring 1988), p. 259.

Donnelly, Tom. "Restore Hope: From Famine to Bloodshed," Army Times 53 (28 June 1993), p. 13.

ibid. "Upping the Ante: U.S. Troops Plunge Deeper Into Somalia As They Put a Key Warlord on the Run," Army Times 53 (28 June 1993), p. 12, 14.

ibid. "Commentary: Power struggle, not starvation, saps Somalia," Army Times (15 March 1993), p. 35.

ibid. "Only Shots Fired at Marines Were From Media Cameras," Air Force Times 53 (21 December 1992), p. 12.

Donnelly, Tom, Katherine McIntire and Sean D. Naylor. "Warriors or Angels: Case of 'Mission Creep' Afflicts Soldiers," Army Times 53 (5 July 1993), pp. 8, 12-14.

[One of the most misused phrases within the military lexicon since Somalia is "mission creep." The conventional understanding is that it describes the tendency of operations to expand beyond their original mandates. In fact, mission creep more commonly refers to factors critical to the success of the mission which were either unanticipated or for which units were not trained.]

Donini, Antonio. "Beyond Neutrality: On the Compatibiity of Military Intervention and Humanitarian Assistance," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 19 no 2 (Summer/Fall 1995), pp. 31-45.

[Author makes a number of points on the Somalia operation which are based on misreading and unnecessarily negative stereotypes of the operation. The author is a UN staff member on sabbatical at the Watson Center.]

Doornbos, Martin and John Markakis. "Society and State in Crisis: What Went Wrong in Somalia?" paper presented at the Uppsala Forum on Crisis Management and Politics of Reconciliation (January 1994).

Doppler, Brigitte et Frédéric Vigneau. "Somalie: Vols américains au-dessus dun pays affamé," Le Monde (12 novembre 1992), p. 2.

[Reports on the air bridge established in August 1992 by the U.S. Air Force between Mombasa and various inland Somalia famine points.]

Doornbos, Martin and John Markakis. "Briefing: Society and State in Crisis: What Went Wrong in Somalia?" Review of African Political Economy no 59 vol 21 (March 1994), pp. 82-88.

[Extracts from the final report of a conference convened by UNECA in Addis Ababa on 12 July 1993.]

Doornbos, Martin and Lionel Cliff, Abdel Ghaffer M. Ahmed & John Markakis, eds. Beyond Conflict in the Horn: The Prospects for Peace, Recovery & Development in Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea & Sudan (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1992) 243 p.

[A selection of 25 short articles covering all of the Horn, including some from familiar Somali experts, including Hussein Adam, Ahmed I. Samatar, etc.]

Doring, Denise L. "Support in Somalia," Ordnance (August 1993), pp. 21-23.

[Describes the 10th Mountain Division Command's mission in Somalia.]

Dougherty, James. The Horn of Africa: a Map of Political-Strategic Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1982) 94 o.

[An examination of U.S. national interests in the Horn of Africa when those interests were much more clearly exposed than they were in 1992.]

Douglas, Susan. "Politics in the Thunderdome," Progressive vol 57, no 8 (August 1993), p. 17.

[Criticizes the use of the term "warlord," which she claims tells us more about the U.S. media that it does about Aideed. She observes that the conflict has been cast by the media as a Grade-B movie: "The 'warlord' vs the good guys in the Mogadishu Thunderdome, with General Aideed cast in Tina Turner's role." For those people in Somalia at the time, it was not so difficult: a warlord is someone without any special authority who makes war on you.]

Doyle, Mark. "A Dangerous Place... The Narrow streets of south Mogadishu...Far from being rag-tag armies, the militias are well-trained and heavily armed, the legacy of Cold War, superpower involvement," Africa Report vol 38, no 6 (November-December 1993), pp. 38-45.

[The assertion that the militias were well-trained seems a little far-fetched. The militia groups had no training components and generally had no clear command structures.]

Drake-Brockman, Ralph E. British Somaliland (London: Hurst & Blackett, Paternoster House, E.C. 1912) 334 p. + map.

[Very Victorian in its approach to the Somali, many fine old photographs. Useful "ethnographic" (cultural) information on the Somali people.]

Drysdale, John. Whatever Happened to Somalia? A tale of tragic blunders (London: Haan Associates, January 1994) 214 p.

[When we learned that Somali expert John Drysdale was about to complete his contract with UNDP in March 1993, we signaled SRSG Howe that he was available to work for him. Howe was informed that Drysdale is a "name" known beyond Somalia, and he was hired. Drysdale's useful and bitterly insightful accounts in this book reflect his friendship and admiration for Mohamed Farah Aideed, facts known to us at the time we recommended him to Howe.]

ibid. "Talk on 21 October 1993 at the Royal Institute of International Affairs," (Unpublished, but widely circulated within the Somali studies community) 10 p.

[Freshly returned from Somalia, Drysdale vents his spleen against certain of his former colleagues.]

ibid. "Somalis Through the Looking Glass: A Glimpse at Somali Society and Culture," (Mogadishu: United Nations Development Program, March 1993, unpublished) 14 p.

ibid. Somaliland: Report and Reference (Hove, UK: Quantum Books, 1992) 74 p.

ibid. The Somali Dispute (New York: Praeger, 1964) 183 p.

[John Drysdale worked with Somali troops in the CBI theater during WWII and later served in the British colonial administration in Somalia. He served as a contractor with the UNDP and UNOSOM II in Mogadishu in 1992-1993. His 1964 book is a standard work on Somalia.]

D'Silva, Brian. "Civil War & Food Crisis in the Horn of Africa," Agricultural Outlook (March 1992), pp. 35-8.

[Political and economic conditions in Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan.]

Dubois, Colette. "Des resolutions novatrices au désenchantement: l'ONU et la décolonisation de la Corne de l'Afrique (1948-1977), Relations Internationales (Printemps 1994), pp. 81-98.

[The article reviews critically the UN role in the decolonization of Djibouti, Eritrea and Somalia in the 1948-1977 period.]

Duffield, Mark and John Prendergast. Without Troops & Tanks: Humanitarian Intervention in Ethiopia and Eritrea (Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1994) 215 p.

[A broader examination of the problems discussed in the following article.]

ibid. "Sovereignty and Intervention after the Cold War: Lessons from the Emergency Relief Desk," Middle East Report vol 24 nos 2-3, Nos 187-188 (March-June 1994), pp. 9-15.

["...In retrospect, Western response to the crisis in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in the 1980s represents the first stirring of an agenda of "humanitarian intervention" in North-South relations. In Somalia and Bosnia, though, Western nations have learned that intervention carries responsibility for long-term reconstruction . In these circumstances, 'neutral' intervention avoids engagement with the political reality it confronts, and arguably makes matters worse..."]

Duhul, Yousuf Jama Ali. "The Somali Tribal Tangle: Tribal Solidarity vs. the State," unpublished paper, London, June 1993.

Duke, Simon. "The United Nations and Intra-state Conflict," International Peacekeeping vol 1 no 4 (Winter 1994), pp. 373-373.

Dunlap, Charles J. Jr. (Col, USAF). "The Last American Warrior: Non-Traditional Mission and the Decline of the U.S. Armed Forces," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 18 no 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), pp. 65-82.

[This officer reiterates conventional wisdom that any U.S. military participation in humanitarian or any other "non-traditional" operation means a loss in combat capability, a large rent in the fabric of the military and the likely defeat of the American way of life.]

Dunn, John. "The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention: The Executive Power of the Law of Nature, After God." Government and Opposition vol 29 no 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 248-261.

[The author examines the background in western philosophy of humanitarian intervention and just war. He concludes that "From now on (or at least until that process is effectively reversed) human societies are going to have to live on very much more intimate terms with one another. This may well not generally enhance human generosity...But it is very likely indeed, inductively, to make us even more punitive in face of others' perceived crimes..." p. 260.]

Durch, William J. ed. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) 509 p.

[An excellent introduction to traditional UN peacekeeping concepts and organization.]

ibid. The United Nations and Collective Security in the 21st Century (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, February 1993) 38 p.

Durch, William J. and Barry M. Blechman. Keeping the Peace: The United Nations in The Emerging World Order (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, March 1992) 108 p. + appendix.

Durrill, Wayne K. "Atrocious Misery: The African Origins of Famine in Northern Somalia, 1839-1884," The American Historical Review vol 91, no 2 (April 1986), pp. 287-306.

[The Horn is an inhospitable part of the world. This article provides interesting background to man-made and natural famines in northern Somalia.]

Duval, (Col). "Djibouti: plaque tournante d'Oryx à ONUSOM II," Armées d'Aujourd'hui no. 186 (décembre 1993-janvier 1994), pp. 52-55.

[This summary discussion of the use of Djibouti as a logistical base during operations in Chad and Somalia is written by the French Army ground commander in Djibouti. There is a brief forward by French Air Force BG Coppin, commander of French Forces, Djibouti.]

Dworken, Jonathan T. "Restore Hope: Coordinating Relief Operations," Joint Force Quarterly no 8 (Summer 1995), pp. 14-20.

[The author states: "...Although military-HRO coperation was sufficient...each saw the other as uncooperative...The problem was not in gearing the mission toward the HROs, but rather disagreement over how much to assist them. Relief workers, used to military officers who cooperated with them, were frustrated by the attitude of JTF officers who believed in a more restrictive mission and viewed their agencies as intransigent...Neither side went out of their way to bring the other into their planning process until it was almost complete..." The article notes the wide difference between civilian and military organizational culture. It concludes with some excellent suggestions for improving military-HRO relations.]

ibid. "What's So Special about Humanitarian Operations?" Comparative Strategy vol 13 no 4 (1994), pp. 391-399.

[A thought-provoking article that stresses the fact that military tasks in Humanitarian Assistance (HA) operations are not that much different from those required in other types of missions.]

ibid. "Rules of Engagement: Lessons from Restore Hope," Military Review vol 74 no 9 (September 1994), pp. 26-34.

[An examination of the technical issues involving rules of engagement used in Somalia. According to the author, CENTCOM balanced the "need to deter warlords or bandits" and the desire to avoid using excessive force by basing the rules on "the standing USCENTCOM peacetime ROE and then making adjustments for the special situation in Somalia..." The article does not address the fundamental issue of the USCENTCOM decision to avoid any direct political impact on what was going on in Somalia.]

ibid. Operation Restore Hope: Preparing and Planning the Transition to UN Operations (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Research Memorandum 93-148, March 1994) 107 p.

ibid. Rules of Engagement (ROE) for Humanitarian Intervention and Low-intensity Conflict: Lessons from Restore Hope (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Research Memorandum 93-120, October 1993) 30 p.

ibid. Military Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses Research Memorandum 93-140, October 1993) 57 p.