Haas, Ernest B. "Beware the slippery slope: notes towards the definition of justifiable intervention," in Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen, eds. Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993), pp. 65-68.
Haass, Richard N. Intervention: The use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, DC: The Carnegie Endowment, 1994) 258 p.
[An interesting summary of U.S. interventions in recent years. The two brief sections on Somalia provide little of anything new. A good introductory volume.]
Hackworth, David (Col.). "Spin doctors clouding probe of bloody fight," Army Times (6 June 1994), p. 37.
[The author appears to have the U.S. force commander in his sights, and he draws conclusions based on poor or non-existent information. His attack received a rejoinder from the Army's chief of information. See MG Charles McClain, Jr.]
ibid. "Rangers Ambushed in Somalia, Command Incompetence KIAs 17 Americans in Mogadishu," Soldier of Fortune (January 1994), pp. 48-53, 80-83.
[Appears to have some relevance to reality, but the author writes angry and seems to lose his political coherence about half way through the article.]
Haekkerup, Hans. "The Nordic Track: New Directions for UN Armed Forces," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 22-23, 66.
[The author is Denmark's Minister of Defense.]
Halima Ismael, "A Voice from Somalia," Life & Peace Review vol 8 no 4 (1994), p. 14.
[Welcomes the interest of the Life & Peace Institute, notes that "...UNOSOM appears to be shifting towards emphasizing the faction leaders, hence neglecting the remaining voices from the communities..."]
Hall, Brian. "The World's Cops, Kicked Around: The U.N.'s Boutros-Ghali and his 72,000 blue helmets are often scapegoats, not peacekeepers. Maybe that's the best they can hope for," The New York Times Magazine (2 January 1994), pp. 18, 43.
[An entertaining portrait of the United Nations' Secretary-General. The author notes "...In its reluctance to put its troops under United Nations Command, the United States cobbled together a compromise of confused responsibility that probably put its troops in more danger...]
Hallahan, Felicity. "Wives Seek More Support for Somalia Troops," Army Times 54 (25 October 1993), p. 4.
Hames, Tim, "Searching for the New World Order: The Clinton Administration and Foreign Policy in 1993," International Relations vol XII no 1 (April 1994), pp. 109-127.
[Examines Clinton's background before coming to Washington and the political dynamics of foreign policy development of the first full year of his administration. Among interesting observations was that "there has been considerable policy entrepreneurship at lower levels in both State and the NSC;" Also that "the administration has had great difficulty in creating a proactive foreign policy..." Repeats conventional wisdom about Operation Restore Hope. Gets his dates wrong about the initial massacre of Pakistani soldiers.]
Hamilton, Angus. Somaliland (Greenwood Press, 1970).
[Reprint of the 1911 edition.]
Hammer, Joshua. "Lone Rangers," The New Republic (22 November 1993), pp. 9-11.
[The author spends three days with a 10th Mountain platoon camped out in the ruins of the former American School compound. Some war stories. Also read Moira Farrow's "Welfare Warlords." She confides that a source of warlord revenue is the Canadian welfare system, where Aideed keeps one of his families.]
ibid. "A Starring Role in the 'Fugitive'," Newsweek 122 (6 September 1993), p. 29.
ibid. "Trying to Break Aidid," Newsweek (28 June 1993), pp. 12-13.
ibid. "Somalia: The GI Blues: Have American Troops Overstayed Their Welcome?" Newsweek vol 121 (15 March 1993), p. 51.
Hammond, Paul Y. "Taking Peacekeeping Seriously," Ridgway Viewpoints no 93-2 (Univ of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs) draft 12 p.
["Peacekeepers operate on a playing field where deadly force is present... Peacekeeping must cast a shadow of hope about peace into the future in order to bring the contending parties into serious negotiations in the present...It requires that the peacekeepers be able to take the initiative... Passive peacekeeping gives peace breakers the opportunity to take advantage of the presence of peacekeeping forces in ways that the peacekeepers have failed to anticipate..." Useful wish list of capabilities.]
Hamrick, S.J. "Aideed it my way: Will the Somali warlord win?" The New Republic (9 August 1993), pp. 14-15.
ibid. "How Somalia Was Left in the Cold," The New York Times (6 February 1993), p. 15.
[Op-Ed piece on Somali diplomatic failures under Siad Barre.]
ibid. "The Myth of Somalia as Cold War Victim," Foreign Service Journal (February 1993), pp. 26-32.
[Sam Hamrick is a novelist who featured the Horn of Africa in his Ants of the Gods. He served in Somalia during his Foreign Service career.]
Hanley, Gerald. Warring Clans - Warriors: Life and death among the Somalis (London: Eland, 1994) 179 p.
[Reviewed favorably by I.M. Lewis in the Times Literary Supplement (19 August 1994), p. 11. Although not seen by compiler, the item was originally published as part of Warriors and Strangers in 1971. The material is based on the author's military service in the military campaigns against the Italians in East Africa in World War II.]
Hansch, Steven. et al, Lives Lost, Lives Saved: Excess Mortality and the Impact of Health Interventions in the Somalia Emergency (Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis and Research on Refugee Issues, Refugee Policy Group, November 1994) 46 p.
[Includes estimate that approximately 70,000 famine-related deaths could have been avoided in 1992 had the world acted sooner in Somalia.]
Harbeson, John W. "The International Politics of Identity in the Horn of Africa," in John W. Harbeson & Donald Rothchild, eds. Africa in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 119-143.
ibid. "The Horn of Africa: From Chaos, Political Renewal?" Current History vol 90, no 556 (May 1991), pp. 221-224.
ibid."Post-drought adjustments among Horn of African pastoralists: policy and institution building dimensions," Land Reform, Land Settlement and Cooperatives nos 1/2 (1990), pp. 18-27.
[Impact on semi-nomadic herders of government policies.]
Harper, Gilbert S. Col. "Operations Other Than War: Leading Soldiers in Operation Restore Hope," Military Review (September 1993), pp. 77-79.
[Col. Harper commanded the U.S. Army 403rd Area Support Group in Somalia. He discusses the problems of maintaining positive troop attitudes in a very demanding environment.]
Harper, Gregory. "Creating a U.N. Peace Enforcement Force: A Case for U.S. Leadership," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 18 no 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), pp. 49-63.
Harris, John F. "Troops Who Have Served in Both Find Haiti a Cut Above Somalia," The Washington Post (6 October 1994), p. A26.
[Very interesting. The article states that "The Somali intervention went well as first, but veered into disaster as U.S. troops became ensnared in that nation's civil war," and then goes on to speak of the Haiti mission's clear political mission: "restoring Aristide, then leaving as soon as the situation is stable enough to hand off to U.N. peacekeepers..." Unfortunately, the article fails to draw the obvious conclusion that what was lacking in Somalia was the clarity in political goals which we had in Haiti.]
Hammond, Grant T., and Bryant P. Shaw. "Conflict, the Rise of Nations, and the Decay of States: The Transformation of the International System?" The Journal of Conflict Studies vol XV, no 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 5-29.
[Somewhat reminiscent of the scholarly debates of the 1960's, the authors provide a useful overview of issues of "nation," "tribe," "ethnic," etc., in the African context.]
Harsch, Ernest. "Briefing Paper: Somalia: Restoring Hope," Africa Recovery (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, no. 7, 15 January 1993) 20 p.
Hayden, H. Thomas. "Somalia - What Went Wrong?" Marine Corps Gazette vol 78 (September 1994), pp. 50-52.
[LTC Hayden presents a thoughtful protest against "nation building." His view on Somalia follows conventional but superficial wisdom about the operation: "The U.N. political decision to become involved in nation building...was the beginning of the loss of impartiality. The U.N. and particularly the American leadership, began to choose who they would support and who they would not. It was Beirut all over again. Many did not like Aidid and chose to try to separate the general from his people. No one asked the Aidid clan if they wanted a new leader or a new form of government..."]
He Hongze. "New Role for the UN," Beijing Review vol 37 no 2 (10 January 1994), pp. 23-24.
[For the Chinese Government, Somalia taught the UN the lesson that peacekeeping must be limited to peace keeping. Internal affairs are not matters that it should handle.]
Hehir, J. Bryan. "Clinton's Foreign Policy: Right Destinations, Wrong Maps," Commonweal vol 120, no 20 (19 November 1993), pp. 7-8.
[Discusses three basic themes of U.S. foreign policy over the past four decades: multilateralism, intervention and human rights -- and speaks thoughtfully of the need to redefine them in post-cold war terms.]
Helander, Bernhard. "Building Peace from Below? A Critical Review of the District Councils in the Bay and Bakool Regions of Southern Somalia," (Internet edition: NomadNet, August 1995) 7 p.
[Based on research by Prof. Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, in cooperation with Professors I.M. Lewis and Bernard Helander, in early 1995 in central Somalia. The study determines that the district councils established by UNOSOM had little relevance to traditional clan chief and elder organizations (other than to serve as conduits to UNOSOM funding). An excellent survey of political dynamics in central Somalia.]
ibid., "Some Problems in African Conflict Resolution: Reflections on Alternative Reconciliation Work and Research," (Internet edition: NomadNet, August 1995) English version of paper that appeared in Danish journal Den ny verden, Vol 28 no 2 (1995), pp. 41-54.
[A useful review of the utility (and frequent irrelevance) of current anthropological research and publications on practical issues of conflict resolution.]
ibid. "The Somali Family," in Kim Barcik and Sture Normark, eds. Somalia: A Historical, Cultural and Political Analysis (Uppsala, Sweden: Life & Peace Institute, 1991), pp. 17-28.
[A valuable contribution to Somali family and kinship studies by the editor of the Somali News Net (SUNET).]
Hélène, Jean. "Le général Aïdid joue son va-tout à Mogadiscio: Le principal chef de guerre somalien semble lâché par la pluspart de ses partisans," Le Monde (22 juin 1995), p. 7.
[Analysis of the internal SNA problems which led to Aideed's ouster as organization president.]
ibid. "L'ONU quitte la Somalie sur un échec politique et militaire," Le Monde (2 mars 1995), p. 2.
[Excellent coverage of the closing down of UNOSOM II. The author believes that clan warfare is not far off.]
ibid. "Irréconciliable Somalie: Faute d'accord entre les factions, la guerre risque de reprendre après le départ des soldats de l'ONU," Le Monde (1 novembre 1994), p. 4.
[Outlines the events of recent months that indicate that no peace is possible in Somalia so long as the warlords continue to call the shots.]
ibid. "L'Accord entre les deux chefs de guerre devrait permettre l'acheminement des secours," Le Monde (13-14 décembre 1992), p. 3.
[Also provides useful biographic notes on General Aideed and Ali Mahdi.]
ibid. "Percée islamiste en Somalie: La remise en cause par les intégristes du système clanique traditionnel est un nouvel élément dans l'inextricable et tragique 'guerre des pauvres'," Le Monde (15-16 novembre 1992), p. 5.
Helman, Gerald, and Steven R. Ratner. "Saving failed states," Foreign Policy no 89 (Winter 1992-1993), pp. 3-20.
[A somewhat optimistic assessment of nation-building possibilities by international bodies.]
Hempstone, Smith. "Avoiding Future Somalias," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81 no 6 (February 1994), p. 30.
[Hempstone reminds us again that he told us so. His comments are illustrative of the fact that one can sometimes be correct -- for the wrong reasons.]
ibid. "An Ambassador's Warning: 'Think Three Times Before You Embrace the Somali Tarbaby," U.S. News & World Report vol 113 (14 December 1993), p. 30.
ibid. "A Vietnam lesson to consider for Somalia," The Boston Globe (5 July 1993), p. 11.
Hendrickson, David C. "The Recovery of Inter-nationalism," Foreign Affairs vol 73 no 5 (September 1994), pp. 26-43.
[President Clinton began his administration with an ambitious foreign policy agenda which featured close cooperation with the United Nations. The failures of his administration to develop political goals for its policies towards Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti, North Korea and China are outlined.]
Henn, Francis. "UN Peacekeeping: The Mirror Should Be Polished," Contemporary Review vol 264, No 1541 (June 1994), pp. 281-287.
[The UN is a reflection of the world's hesitations, the world's lack of resolve and understanding of the nature of the conflicts the UN has been directed to end.]
Henry, Neil. "Massacre in Somalia Spurred Shift in U.S. Policy; American Support for Strategic African Nation Diminished After '89 Killings," Washington Post (19 February 1990), p. A21.
[Describes how the massacre at Gesira Beach on 14 July 1989, in which several dozen oppositionists were murdered by Siad Barre's "Red Hat" security forces, prompted the last-minute cancellation of Siad Barre's visit to Washington to meet with President Bush.]
ibid. "Rebels, Rights Groups Attack Somalia; Siad Barre's Rule Showing Effects of Military Pressure, Aid Cuts," Washington Post (18 February 1990), p. A23.
ibid. "Rights Group Criticizes Government of Somalia," Washington Post (18 January 1990), p. A26.
[Africa Watch accuses the Somali government of causing the deaths of over 50,000 of its citizens over the previous two years in its actions against insurgencies.]
Henze, Paul B. The Primacy of Economics for the Future of the Horn of Africa (Rand Corporation: 1992), 23 p.
[Examines the political and results of dictatorial regimes in the Horn of Africa, including Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia.]
ibid. The United States and the Horn of Africa: History and Current Challenge (Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, October 1990) 36 p.
[Provides background to the controversial meeting between President Carter and Somalia Ambassador Addou on June 17, 1977. Some people accuse Carter of encouraging the Somali invasion of the Ogaden. In fact, the invasion was already in train.]
ibid. "Three Decades of Arms for the Horn of Africa," Conflict vol 10, no 2 (1990), pp. 135-172.
ibid. Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1985) 98 p.
Hepburn, Audrey. "Unforgettable Silence," Newsweek vol 120 no 17 (26 October 1992), p. 10.
[The deeply-committed actress and UNICEF activist visits Somalia and calls for help for starving Somalis.]
Herbstein, Denis. "The Alphabet War," Africa Report vol 36, no 3 (May-June 1991), pp 67-69.
[In this case, the war concerns the manner of writing Somali, in Latin or Arabic script. The written script was finally developed by the late Bogumil Witalis 'Goosh" Andrzjewski, a British-naturalized Pole.]
Hess, Robert L. "The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia," Journal of African History vol 5, no 3 (1994), pp. 415-433.
ibid. "The Poor Man of God -- Muhammad Abdullah Hassan," in Norman R. Bennett, ed. Leadership in Eastern Africa: Six Political Biographies (Boston: Boston University Press, 1968), pp. 65-108.
ibid. Italian Colonialism in Somalia (University of Chicago Press, 1966) 234 p.
[One of the classics of colonial period historiography.]
Hibaaq I. Osman. "Somalia: Will Reconstruction Threaten Women's Progress?" Ms. (March/April 1993), pp. 12-13.
[Discussion of women's humanitarian activities in Somalia.]
Hill, Jeanne W. "Restore Hope Accomplished with Reliable Guard Tankers: New Hampshire's 157th Air Refueling Group Leads Critical Northeast Tanker Task Force," National Guard vol XLVIII, no 2, (February 1994), pp. 20-24.
[Nothing on Somalia, per se, but useful in reconstructing the resources brought to bear in Somalia.]
Hillen, John F. "U.N. Collective Security: Chapter Six and a Half," Parameters vol 24, no 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 27-37.
["Recent UN operations have fallen into a doctrinal black hole..."]
Hindle, Jane, ed. Somali Study Materials: An Education Resource Pack (London: Haan Associates, 1993) includes nine booklets, four posters and a fold-out sheet of teaching notes.
[This valuable package is prepared for teachers and students in Somalia. It includes materials on early history, stories from the land of Punt, the land, the Somali people of the Horn nomads, food, a Somali-English phrase book and a list of reference materials for teachers.]
Hirsch, John L. "US in Somalia: Should the Troops Stay? Effort has given Somalis chance to save themselves," Christian Science Monitor (25 October 1993), p. 19.
[Hirsch was Bob Oakley's deputy in Mogadishu, December 1992-March 1993. His recipe for success: "Now it's time for the Somalis, working together with the UN, to take responsibility for their lives."]
Hirsch, John and Robert Oakley. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995) 217 p.
[Robert Oakley, a retired U.S. diplomat was asked in November 1992 to play a leading role in Operation Restore Hope. His basic instructions evidently were to ensure that the operation did not expand beyond the very narrow limits desired by senior U.S. military leaders. This is very useful book which must be studied by anyone looking at the Restore Hope Operation. It seems a fair presentation of Ambassador Oakley's and John Hirsch's perspectives. While it captures many of the subsequent criticisms of the conduct of the Operation, the book seems to ignore these criticisms in its assessments and conclusions.]
Hoar, James P. (Gen.) "Central Command's Missions, Responsibilities Continue to Expand," Prepared statement by General Joseph P. Hoar, USMC, Commander in Chief, U.S. Central Command, to the Senate Armed Services Committee, April 20, 1993. Defense Issues vol 8, no 30 (1993) entire issue.
[All U.S. military operations in Somalia came under the responsibility of CENTCOM. General Hoar's role in "pre-shrinking" the original UNITAF mandate requires more study.]
ibid. "A CINC's Perspective," Joint Forces Quarterly (Autumn 1993), pp. 56-63.
[General Joseph P. Hoar, USMC, was CINCCENTCOM during Operation Restore Hope.]
Hoche, Christian. "Somalie: le désépoir et la honte," L'Express (27 November 1992), pp. 8-11.
Hoffman, C.W. Jr. "The UN Secretary-General's Peacekeeping Proposals," in John N. Petrie, ed. Essays on Strategy XI (Washington: National Defense University Press, 1994), pp. 49-75.
Hoffmann, Stanley. "Out of the Cold: Humanitarian Intervention in the 1990s," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 8-9, 62.
["The fuzziness of the UN mandate in Somalia concerning the disarmament of gangs..."]
Holcomb, Bonnie K. and Sisai Ibssa. The Invention of Ethiopia: The Making of a Dependent Colonial State in Northeast Africa (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1990) 450 p.
[Provocative insights into the colonization of the Horn and what it means in terms of modern politics.]
Holden, Constance. "Somalia Pledges Human Rights Reforms," Science vol 243 no 4892 (10 February 1989), p. 734.
[The U.S. Congress withholds $19 million in assistance to Somalia pending assurances from Amnesty International and State Department that steps have been taken by the Somali government to eliminate human rights abuses.]
Hollis, Patricia Slayden. "Operation Restore Hope - A Logistical Challenge," Field Artillery (June 1993), pp. 5-8.
[Interview with Major General Waldo D. Freeman, Army Force Commander in Somalia.]
Holt, Julius, and Mark Lawrence. The Prize of Peace: a Survey of Rural Somaliland (London: Save the Children, 1992) 69 p.
Horowitz, Donald L. "A Harvest of Hostility: Ethnic Conflict and Self-Determination After the Cold War," Defense Intelligence Journal (1992), pp. 137-163.
Houdek, Robert. "Update on Progress in Somalia," (Statement before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Africa, 17 February 1993), US Department of State Dispatch vol 4 (22 February 1993), pp. 99-101.
Howe, Jonathan T. "The United States and United Nations in Somalia: The Limits of Involvement," The Washington Quarterly vol 18 no 3 (Summer 1995), pp. 49-62.
[The former SRSG provides some useful insights to understanding the problems of the Somalia intervention, avoiding any attribution of the policy ills which the operation suggested. He states: "Americans do not want to be the world's policeman or to interfere with the sovereignty of other nations. On the other hand, they believe that ignoring major crimes against humanity is unacceptable..."]
ibid. "Will the United States Lead a New World Order?" The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 18 no 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), pp. 23-29.
[The U.S. should take the lead in the New World Order. But in which direction? In this article, the Admiral does not once mention his yearlong tour in Somalia as the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.]
ibid. "From Containment to Engagement - American Leadership for Peaceful Change," NATO's Sixteen Nations vol 37, no 6 (1992), pp. 68-71.
Huband, Mark. "Operation Disaster born out of a lie," The Observer (12 December 1993), p. 16.
[The lie was the claim by the UN that, by December 1992, 80% of all relief food was being stolen by bandits.]
ibid. "The Politics of Violence," Africa Report (September-October 1993), pp. 13-19.
["...While United Nations forces target the warlord Gen. Mohamed Aidid and in turn are targeted by Somalis angry at the increasingly violent intervention, ...Aidid's clan is desperately trying to hold on to its political clout..." The article raises the question whether the decision of the U.S. to disengage might have been taken just at the time that the U.N. had success in its grasp.]
ibid. "When Yankee Goes Home," Africa Report (March-April 1993), pp. 20-23.
[The lack of foreign policy preparation by the Bush/Clinton administrations is discussed.]
Huddleston, Louis D. "Policing the New World Order: An Alternative Strategy," Comparative Strategy vol 11 (January-March 1992), pp. 1-13.
Hudson, Neff. "Aircrews Mobilize for Somalia," Air Force Times 53 (21 December 1992), pp. 4, 12.
Hudson, Neff, et al. "Missions of Mercy," Air Force Times 53 (21 December 1992), pp. 4, 12.
Human Rights Watch. "Human Rights in Africa and U.S. Policy: A special report by Human Rights Watch/Africa for the White House Conference on Africa held June 26-27, 1994," Human Rights Watch Africa vol 6, no 6 (July 1994) 37 p.
[See "Somalia," pp. 23-26. Includes following judgment: "The U.N.'s failings in Somalia have resonance beyond that country's borders. The concept of international intervention to assist the victims of governments, factions, and warlords who failed to feed the people they despoiled and abused, has been seriously damaged by the failure of UNOSOM in Somalia."]
ibid. "Seeking Refuge, Finding Terror: The Widespread Rape of Somali Women Refugees in North Western Africa," in Human Rights Watch, Women's Rights Project vol 5, no 13 (4 October 1993), pp. 1-24.
ibid. The Lost Agenda: Human Rights and UN Field Operations (London: Human Rights Watch, June 1993) 173 p.
[See "Somalia," pp. 107-134.]
Hume, Brit. "The Making of a Quagmire," National Review vol 45 no 21 (1 November 1993), pp. 21-22.
[The ABC News journalist praises the very narrow mandate established by President Bush for Restore Hope (and criticizes President Clinton for not sticking to it), but gives no thought to whether the Bush policy was practicable.]
Hunt, John B. (LTC). "Thoughts on Peace Support Operations," Military Review vol 74, no 10 (October 1994), pp. 76-85.
[A refreshingly open-minded call for greater emphasis by military commanders on the political side of peace enforcement operations.]
Hunt, Kathleen. "Daring to Heal," New York Times Magazine (Sec 6), 28 July 1991, pp. 30-34, 38, 48-49.
[Reports on activities of the Médecins sans Frontières in Mogadishu during the acutely dangerous period after the fall of Siad Barre, when all UN and most private agencies fled.]
Huntington, Samuel P. "New Contingencies, Old Roles," Joint Forces Quarterly (Autumn 1993), pp. 38-43.
[Based on an address delivered on 1 December 1992 to a symposium on "Non-Traditional Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era," sponsored by the National Defense University.]
Hurley, D.J. (LtCol, RAR). "Operation Solace," Australian Defence Force Journal no 104 (January/February 1994), pp. 29-33.
[The Australian contribution to Operation Restore Hope was called Operation Solace. The Australian contingent in Somalia arrived in mid-January and left by 15 May 1993. The Australians were the most successful of any UNOSOM group in asserting control over their assigned HRS. One hint: "A facet of command relationship that I had never experienced before existed in the personal authority given to the HRS commander. In the absence of any form of civil government at any level and the failure of the UN to provide resident local UN political officers, HRS commanders became military governors." This account does not include a discussion of the trial and execution by local officials of "Gutaale," the notorious Aideed ally in Baidoa.]
Husarska, Anna. "The Bodyguard: A Report from the Famine," New Republic (15 February 1993), pp. 38-42.
[Extortioner or protector, the ambiguous relations of humanitarian groups with their bodyguards.]
Hussein Ali Dualeh. From Barre to Aideed - Somalia: Agony of a Nation (Nairobi, Kenya: Stellagraphics Ltd, 1994) 181 p.
[This is a very helpful book by a former Somali diplomat, most recently in the vital posting of Ambassador to Kenya. Born in Hargeisa in Somaliland, Dualeh first recounts incidents from his diplomatic career, which also included Amin's Uganda. He recounts conversations with Idi Amin, Arap Moi and Siad Barre. He describes the former Somali dictator's repression of his Isaaq clan and the events of the civil war period. The book ends with the text of a newspaper interview with Mohamed Farah Aideed published earlier in Nairobi.]
Hussein Mohamed Adam. "Somalia: A Terrible Beauty Being Born?" in I. William Zartmen, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), pp. 69-89.
ibid., "Formation and Recognition of New States: Somaliland in Contrast to Eritrea," Review of African Political Economy no 59 vol 21 (March 1994), pp. 21-38.
[Provides an excellent review of the similarities and differences between the formation of Eritrea and Somaliland. Prof. Hussein Adam does not take a position on the independence of Somaliland.]
ibid. "Somalia: Federalism and Self-Determination," in Peter Woodward and Murray Forsyth, eds. Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: Federalism and its Alternatives (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1994), pp. 114-123.
[In this brief article, the distinguished professor provides a useful perspective on Somali political history from the northern (SNM) point of view.]
ibid. Militarism and Warlordism: Rethinking the Somali Political Experience (Boston: Boston University African Studies Center, Working Paper number 169, 1993) 18 p.
["...warlordism in Somalia...is different from the Chinese form ...because of the strengths and limitations of Somali clannism. In this case, the warlord is a parochial militarist who takes advantage of lack of lack of central authority on one hand, and who corrupts the collectivist structures of clan decision-making process, on the other hand, in order to promote his personal ambition. Warlordism represents a form of decentralized and militarized personal rule..." p. 17.]
ibid. "Somalia: Militarism, Warlordism or Democracy?" Review of African Political Economy no. 54 (July 1992), pp. 11-26.
[Examines the disruptions in the balance of clan groupings during the Siad Barre regime, their militarization and civil war.]
ibid. "Rethinking Somali Politics," in Proceedings of the Sixth Michigan State University Conference on North East Africa (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 23-25 April 1992).
ibid. "Crisis in Somalia: Prospects for the Future," Peace Review (no 3 (Winter 1991/ 92), pp. 5-9.
[Looks at Somali leadership problems since independence; examines the Somali National Movement, the United Somali Congress, Islamic groups and the Manifesto group of Parliamentary leaders.]
ibid. "Somalia: Rural Production Organizations and Prospects for Reconstruction," in Martin Doornbos, et al, eds., Beyond Conflict in the Horn (London: James Currey, 1991) pp. 154-165.
ibid. "Language, national consciousness and identity: the Somali experience," in I.M. Lewis, ed. Nationalism and self-determination in the Horn of Africa (London: Ithaca Press, 1983), pp. 31-42.
Hussein Mohamed Adam and Charles L. Geshekter. eds. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Somali Studies (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1992) 923 p.
[An extraordinarily rich and diverse collection of essays on various Somali-related subjects.]