Kahl, Hubert. "A Whiff of normalcy returns to Mogadishu," DPA (AOL) 3 April 1994, 2 p.

[An upbeat article, noting particularly the successes the UN had in setting up the local police force.]

Kapil, Ravi Laxminarayan. Territorial Issues in the Horn of Africa, with special reference to the Ethiopia-Somalia Boundary (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1961) 356 p.

[A useful doctoral dissertation on this fundamental problem of the Horn.]

Kaplan, Robert D. "The Coming Anarchy, The Atlantic Monthly vol 273 no 2 (February 1994), pp. 44-76.

[In the same tone as the old WAWA ("West Africa Wins Again") stories African specialists used to endure from colonials, the author paints a picture which causes glee among the new isolationists and despair from Africanists.]

Kapteins, Lidwien. "Somalia's 'Clans' Current clan lines were drawn and exploited by the ousted dictator," Christian Science Monitor (28 December 1992), p. 7.

[This article should have been read carefully and its implications appreciated by U.S. civilian and military policy-makers of the period.]

Karns, Margaret P. and Karen A. Mingst. "Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping and Peacemaking," in Michael T. Clair and Daniel C. Thomas, World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 188-215.

Kaufman, Leslie. "Media Monster," Government Executive vol 25, no 2 (February 1993), p. 34-35.

[How to handle a huge press corps in a primal, dangerous environment.]

Kaus, Mickey. "TRB from Washington: Somalia Syndrome," The New Republic vol 211 no 16 (17 October 1994), pp. 4, 61.

[Discusses false notions of the Somalia operation, judging that by almost any moral calculus, the operation was a success. He examines critically several assertions made by conservative scribe Charles Krauthammer (qq.v.).]

Kearns, Darien L. "The Need for Criteria in UN Peace Operations," Military Review vol 74 no 7 (July 1994), pp. 34-42.

[See muddle on definitions of "neutrality" and "impartiality," pp. 43-44.]

Keenan III, Leo E. (LtCol). "United States Peacekeeping Operations: The Need for Policy and Procedures," Study Project (Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College, May 1993) 33 p.

Keenan, Thomas. "Live from; En directe de," in Visite aux armées: Tourismes de guerre; Back to the Front: Tourisms of War, pp. 129-163, a volume created for an exhibition Suitcase Studies: The Production of a National Past and a colloque "L'Intervention humanitaire à l'âge des médias," 25-26 November 1994, at the American Center, Paris.

[Provides some interesting insights into the military-media confrontation in Somalia.]

Kelleher, Catherine. "Soldiering On," The Brookings Review vol 12 no 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 26-29.

["Crises in Bosnia and Somalia have raised anew a debate that reaches back to the first days of the American republic: under what conditions will and should the United States use military force?"]

Keller, Edmond J. "The O.A.U. and the Ogaden Dispute," paper presented at the International Conference on the Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Alcalá de Henares, Spain: University of Alcalá, 12-14 September 1989) 35 p.

Kennan, George. "Somalia, through a glass darkly," New York Times (30 September 1993), p. A25.

[As things start to turn very bad in Somalia, George Kennan, the grand old man of U.S. diplomacy, provides his diary entry for 9 December 1992, in which he looks upon the U.S. humanitarian mission in Somalia as a "dreadful error of American policy."]

Kennedy, Frances. "In Somalia, Machiavelli vs. Rambo," New York Times (22 July 1993), p. A23.

[Provides a laudatory description -- heavily influenced by the official Italian view -- of Italian policy in Somalia. Includes the canard that Ambassador Enrico Augelli "was the only foreign diplomat to remain in Mogadishu as the country descended into chaos."]

Kieseker, Peter. "Relationships between Non-Government Organisations and Multinational Forces in the Field," in Hugh Smith, ed. Peacekeeping: Challenges for the future (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993) pp. 67-75.

[The author represented CARE Australia in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope. The article notes the quirky nature of operating together with the military.]

Kiley, Sam and Mike Tharp. "Winning Hearts and Minds," US News & World Report vol 113, no 25 (28 December 1992), pp. 24-26.

[US troops are finding that restoring hope in Somalia will also require restoring its decayed political institutions, rebuilding roads, buildings and canals in order to facilitate restoration of the economy.]

King, Patricia, Marcus Mabry and Molly Colin. "The Home Front: Fears and Farewells," Newsweek vol 120 (14 December 1992), pp. 38-39.

Kinsella, David Todd. In the shadow of giants: Superpower arms transfers and Third World conflict during the Cold War (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, political science, Yale University, 1993) 344 p.

[Looks closely at the cases of Ethiopia and Somalia.]

Kinsley, Michael. "Looking Backward Brilliantly," Time (1 November 19-93), p. 102.

[A useful reminder for the Monday morning quarterbacks. Where were all of Clinton's critics when the decisions to deploy to Somalia were being made. Where were they when the operative UN Security Council Resolutions were being formulated? See also the Zelnick article.]

ibid. "TRB from Washington: Free-Lunch Foreign Policy," The New Republic vol 209, no 18 (1 November 1993), p. 6.

[A perceptive indictment of those who want the U.S. to be a world power but do not want to pay for it.]

Kirkpatrick, Jeanne. "Somalia forgotten: White House ignores lesson that applies in Haiti," Sunday Patriot-News (Harrisburg, PA) (2 October 1994), p. B-11.

["...No one knows how foreign forces can 'help' civil societies or modern states emerge in vastly different cultures organized on unfamiliar principles. No one knows how to reconcile hostile elites, end violent behavior, or induce a respect for law and restraint in the use of power, at least in foreign cultures..." Does this mean we cannot learn, or just that it doesn't matter?]

ibid. "Clinton's Real Mistake in Somalia," Reader's Digest vol 144 no 861 (January 1994), pp. 55-58.

[We hope that this embarrassing piece was first written by an ill-informed student and then bludgeoned by an ignorant editor. The author clearly knows little about Somalia. Oddly, she attributes the U.S. mistakes in Somalia to the "whims" of the UN Secretariat. As former US Permrep at the UN, she obviously should have recognized the heavy hand of the U.S. delegation in the operation.]

Kirsch, Philippe. "The Legal Basis of Peacekeeping," Canadian Defence Quarterly vol 23, no 1, special no 2 (1993), pp. 18-22.

Kirschten, Dick. "Missions Impossible: As more of the United Nations' far-flung peacekeeping expeditions turn sour, the Clinton Administration is losing both the desire and the ability to rally behind the international body in what may be its hour of greatest need," National Journal (30 October 1993), pp. 2576-2579.

Kissinger, Henry A. "Ready for Revitalizing," The Washington Post (9 March 1995), p. A21.

[Criticizes the approach of the Clinton Administration to foreign policy, claiming that its alleged dependence on international consensus results in a vacuum. The author suggests that the proposed National Revitalization Act provides an excellent opportunity to rebuild a foreign policy consensus.]

ibid. "Recipe for Chaos," The Washington Post (8 September 1993), p. A19.

["...in Somalia...multilateralism triggered a military mission in search of a political purpose..."]

Kitfield, James. "Restoring Hope," Government Executive vol 25, no 2 (February 1993), p. 20-33.

[The complicated logistical story -- an inside look at the Defense Department's management of the move to Somalia.]

Klein, Joe. "When Everyone's An Amateur," Newsweek vol 120 (14 December 1992), p. 42.

Klen, Michel. "L'Enfer somalien," Defense Na-tionale vol 49 (février 1993), pp. 135-143.

Kohut, Andrew, and Robert Toth. "Arms and the People," Foreign Affairs vol 73 no 6 (November/December 1994), pp. 47-61.

[An excellent review of public attitudes towards military humanitarian intervention, which the authors examine through vast polling data. They maintain that the polls indicate that support for such intervention exists even after the Somali debacle.]

Kolb, Richard K. "Somalia Service Provided its Share of Heroes," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81 no 11 (August 1994), pp. 26-27.

[The heroic, tragic deaths of brave men provides another opportunity for a pundit to exercise the conservative agenda.]

ibid. "Britain's 20-Year Manhunt in Somalia," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81 no 6 (February 1994), pp. 28, 37.

[The author attributes the lack of British presence in the UNOSOM coalition to its experiences fighting between 1898 and 1920 against the virtually indomitable Sayyid Muhammad Abdallah Hassan, the "Mad Mullah."]

ibid. "Restoring Hope on the Horn of Africa," VFW, The Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine (February 1993), pp. 24, 29.

Koty, Ross Harrison. "Mission to Somalia," Air Force Magazine 76(March 1993), pp. 48-53.

Kpatindé, Francis. "Rideau sur vingt ans de dictature: La Somalie sous la loi des clans," Jeune Afrique no 1571 (Du 6 au 12 février 1991), pp. 16-18.

[Reviews the sordid history of the Siad regime. Notes that among the contenders for power is the "richissisme" hotel keeper, the 52-year-old Ali Mahdi; Col. Ahmed Omar Jess, former commander of the 26th sector, in the north, who defected in June 1989 with 200 men, to join the SNM, which he quickly leaves.]

Kramer, Jack. "Far-Flung Physician: An American Doctor Battles Disease--and the odds-- in Somalia," American Health (June 1993), pp. 43-45, 48.

[Having just completed medical school, Dr. Franklin decides to do something and joins the International Medical Corps (IMC). The IMC is a voluntary agency, based in Los Angeles, which provides medical assistance to crisis areas. At the time of the interview, Kramer was working at Digfer Hospital. The IMC later left Digfer when it became clear that the Somali staff was systematically stealing the medicines and selling the goods on the local market. Digfer was already in the process of conversion to an Aideed command point.]

Kramer, Michael. "The Political Interest: It's All Foreign to Clinton," Time (18 October 1993), p. 75.

[The finds fault with President Clinton's foreign policy because of its lack of consistence and constancy.]

Kramer, Reed. "Somalia Rescue Begins: World Takes Note of Massive Suffering," Africa News vol 36 no 7 (3-16 August 1992), pp. 1-2.

[Senator Kassebaum's trip to Somalia in July brings the floodlight on Somalia which "has been reduced to a level of desperation almost beyond the imagining of any American."]

Kramer, Reed, and Tami Hultman. "Tangled Ties of the Past Shape U.S.-Somali Relations," Africa News vol 37, nos 7-8 (21 December 1992), pp. 1, 3.

[U.S.-Somali relations were intense during the 1980's, with over $680 million in assistance provided the dictatorship of Siad Barre.]

Krauthammer, Charles. "The U.N. Obsession," Time vol 143 no 19 (9 May 1994), p. 86.

[The in-house conservative pundit fires off a salvo at President Clinton, who he claims "is obsessed with obtaining permission from the UN before taking any action." In his haste to take issue with two favored right-wing targets, the President and the United Nations, Krauthammer neglects to note that President Bush and most earlier presidents were no less anxious to secure international approval before taking military expeditions.]

ibid. "The Immaculate Intervention," Time (26 July 1993), p. 78.

["Much is on display today in Mogadishu. The limits of humanitarianism. The hollowness of the U.N. Bloody proof that in this era of good intentions, good intentions are not enough...There is no new world. There never is." The author is one of the most unremitting critics of the Restore Hope Operation.]

ibid. "Trusteeship for Somalia: An old--colonial--idea whose time has come again," Washington Post (9 October 1992), p. A27.

[Interesting comments, in view of the above judgments.]

Krawczyk, Stephanie. "Recognizing the heroes of Somalia; Fort Benning Rangers receive medals for valorous actions," Army Times (11 April 1994), p. 8.

[Four Silver Medals and many Bronze, some posthumous, for heroism in Mogadishu on 2-3 October 1993.]

Krott, Rob. see John Zimmerman (1993).

Kull, Steven. "Misreading the Public Mood," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol 52 no 2 (March/April 1995), pp. 55-59.

[After two years of polling by the Program on International Policy Attitudes at the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland..."the evidence suggests that a solid core of 45 to 50 percent of respondents consistently supports U.N. peacekeeping in principle and U.S. participation in it; a minority of 5 to 10 percent consistently opposes it; and another 40 to 45 percent forms a 'swing element' that can go one way or the other..."]