Pailthorp, Melissa C. Development before Disaster: USAID in Somalia, 1978-1990: A Retrospective of Lessons Learned in Pre-Civil War Somalia (Washington, DC: Report for USAID/Somalia, Summer 1994) 68 p.

[Analysis of all USAID projects in Somalia before the fall of Siad Barre.]

Palmer, Elizabeth A. "Somalia: Senate Demands Voice in Policy But Shies from Confrontation," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (11 September 1993), p. 2399.

ibid. "Somalia: Putting a Price on Global Aide Underscores Tight Budgets," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (23 January 1993), p. 186.

Pankhurst, Estelle S. Ex-Italian Somaliland (Greenwood Press, reprint 2/1970).

[Reproduction of the original 1951 edition of this important work.]

Pastor, Robert. "Forward to the beginning: widening the scope for global collective action," International Journal vol 48, no 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 641-667.

[Raises the interesting concept of an international 'Chapter 11' to signal political bankruptcy. p. 665.]

Patman, Robert G. "The UN Operation in Somalia," in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle Thayer, eds. UN Peacekeeping in the 1990s (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 95-114.

["...while the UN intervention in Somalia was not wrong in principle, it was flawed in both design and execution..."]

ibid. "Somalia drifts towards anarchy again as US leave UN mission," The Press (Christchurch, New Zealand), 31 March 1994, p. 13.

ibid. The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990) 407 p.

Pawlick, Thomas. "Grim Sower, Grim Harvest: Somalia's gunmen and warlords threaten their country's hope for agricultural recovery," Ceres: FAO Review vol 25 no 1 (January/February 1993), pp. 31-38.

[The political and social situation in the country is outlined.]

Payne, Donald M. "A View From the Hill: Somalia is a Test of U.S. Commitment for Africa," The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (November/December 1993), pp. 39, 78.

["In a bipartisan effort, Rep. Dan Burton, ranking Republican member of the subcommit-tee on Africa, and I, co-signed a letter to then-Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger on December 22, 1992, urging that disarming of warring factions, wherever noticed, should be added to the terms of engagement..." Donald Payne (D-NJ) is a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the subcommittee on Africa. He is chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foreign Affairs Task Force. He visited Somalia three times in the 1993-94 period.]

Payton, Gary D. "The Somali Coup of 1969: the Case for Soviet Complicity," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol 18 no 3 (September 1980), pp. 493-508.

Pease, Kelly Kate, and David P. Forsythe. "Human rights, humanitarian intervention, and world politics," Human Rights Quarterly vol 15 (May 1993), pp. 290-314.

Peceny, Mark. "Two Paths to the Promotion of Democracy During U.S. Military Interventions," International Studies Quarterly vol 39 no 3 (September 1995), pp. 371-401.

Peck, Steven. "U.S. Peacekeeping Policy: An Update," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 23 (January-February 1994), pp. 10-11.

Pelgrand, Alain. "Le combat désespéré de Mohamed Siyad Barré: Le général qui voulait mourir au front," Jeune Afrique no 1568 (16 au 22 janvier 1991), pp. 18-21.

Pelletiere, Stephen C. Humanitarian Operations and the Middle East: The Hostility Factor (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, SSI Special Report, 3 May 1993) 18 p.

["...While American diplomats and government officials may regard humanitarian relief operations as morally unassailable, others may not agree. In the Middle East ...critics regard operations like ...Restore Hope as power grabs, disguised as humanitarian ventures..." This was not the view of most Somalis, who welcomed the U.S. because they believed that the U.S. commitment to fairness and human rights would not leave them at the mercy of the warlords.]

Penglas, Ben and Juan E. Méndez. "Somalia: Beyond the Warlords: The Need for a Verdict on Human Rights Abuses," Africa Watch vol V, no 2 (7 March 1993), 28 p.

[This excellent study lays out in the clearest terms possible the danger that the warlords, especially Aideed, present for an meaningful political empowerment in Somalia.]

Penrose, Angela. " UN humanitarian machinery: The need for good and just practice," in Erskine Childers, ed. Challenges to the United Nations: Building a Safer World (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations and St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 113-134.

[Includes a summary of UN activities in Somalia, 1991-1994.]

Perkins, Edward J. "Humanitarian Crisis in Somalia: Statement by the US Permanent Representative to the UN Security Council, New York City, December 3,1992," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 50 (August 3, 1992), p. 877.

ibid. "US support for UN Action on Somalia: Statement before the UN Security Council, July 27,1992," US Department of State Dispatch vol 3, no 31 (August 3, 1992), p. 612.

ibid. "United Nations Peace-Keeping," in "Com-ments," The Yale Journal of International Law vol 1, no 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 435-437.

Perl, Raphael F. "General Mohammed Farah Aidid: A Background Profile," Congressional Research Service Report (Washington, DC: CRS Report 93-900F, October 18, 1993).

Perlez, Jane. "Endpaper: Life and Times: Gunmen, $150 a Day," New York Times Magazine (24 January 1993) Section 6, p. 54.

[Describes the very high costs of maintaining "protection" for journalists, humanitarian aid workers, etc. in Somalia. This was Ms. Perlez' last report from Somalia before being assigned to Eastern Europe. She was well-remembered in Somalia for her persistence and journalistic integrity.]

ibid. "A Diplomat Matches Wits With Chaos in Somalia," New York Times (20 September 1992), p. C3.

[Profile of SRSG Mohamed Sahnoun.]

ibid. "Barrier to Somali Unity: Clan Rivalry," New York Times (30 August 1992), p. A12.

["...The height of clan politics came to the forefront two weeks ago in the port of Kismayu, a town which recently came under the control of Mr. Aidid. The Red Cross had won the agreement of Mr. Aidid's forces to move a number of Darod families, whose men worked for the Red Cross, out of the city. The Darod believed they were in hostile territory and wanted to leave, the Red Cross reported "the Aidid forces broke the agreement, took the Darod men aside and apparently killed them."]

ibid. "Somalia Self-Destructs, and the World Looks On," New York Times (29 December 1991), p. 1.

ibid. "Factional Fighting in Somalia Terrorizes and Ruins Capital," New York Times (8 December 1991), p. 1.

Perrot, Marie-Dominique, ed. Dérives humanitaires: états d'urgence et droit d'ingérence (Geneva: Institut Universitaire d'Études du développement: Nouveaux cahiers de l'IUED; 1) (Paris: PUF, April 1994) 163 p.

[According to a review in International Review of the Red Cross, March-April 1995, no 305, pp. 233-236, there are several very useful articles examining various issues concerning forced intervention. One, by Yves Audéoud, Head of Caritas-Suisse, is entitled: "Savoir ou ne pas savoir intervenir, le cas de la Somalie."]

Peterson, G. (LtCol). "Psyops and Somalia -- Spreading Good News," Australian Defence Force Journal no 104 (January/February 1994), pp. 38-40.

[This report by an Australian officer includes comments about both U.S. and Australian psychological operations.]

ibid. "Human Intelligence and Somalia -- A Cost Effective Winner for a Small Army," Australian Defence Force Journal no 104 (January/ February 1994), pp. 35-37.

Petras, James, and Steve Vieux. "The Somali Invasion," Lies of Our Times (January -February 1993), pp. 14-16.

[The Cold War again rises in the Horn of Africa, as the authors portray the humanitarian intervention in Somalia as an imperialistic enterprise. Somalia specialist Charles Geshekter retorts in the May-June 1993 issue.]

Petrucci, Pietro. "Après le retrait de Somalie: L'Italie renonce à sa vocation sur le continent noir," Le Monde Diplomatique (mai 1994), p. 27.

[Following its departure from Somalia at the end of March, Italy began a reassessment of its interests south of the Sahara. Italy believes that its interests in maintaining strong relations with the U.S. and the UN are far stronger. Therefore, it appears likely that Italy will reorient its resources and primary concerns to the Mediterranean basin. Useful article.]

ibid. Mogadiscio (Turin: Nuova Eri, Edizione RAI, 1993) 206 p.

[Petrucci is a journalist with a long history in Somalia. He is fascinated by the historic Italian-Somali relationship; once he looked upon Siad Barre as Somalia's Ataturk, but he later turned against him, as the dictatorship turned to tribalism and greed for a few families. Useful memoir.]

Petterson, Donald K. "Somalia and the United States, 1977-1983: The New Relationship," in Gerald J. Bender, James S. Coleman and Richard L. Sklar, African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ of California Press, 1985), pp. 194-204.

[Petterson was U. S. Ambassador to Somalia, 1978-1982, thereby being in the position of overseeing the building of close ties with the Siad Barre regime that was a goal of the Carter and Reagan administrations: "Siad's domestic policies were of some significance in shaping U.S. decisions regarding Somalia. But far, far more important were strategic considerations growing out of the mutual distrust, fear and competition that characterize U.S.-Soviet relations.]

Pexton, Patrick. "The Navy's New Role?" Navy Times 42 (14 December 1992), p. 14.

Pfaff, William. "Is Liberal Internationalism Dead," World Policy Journal col X, no 3 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-15.

ibid. The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of Nationalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993) 256 p.

Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. and Richard H. Shultz, Jr. Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U.S. Policy and Army Roles and Missions (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 1994) 359 p.

[Includes a collection of 21 papers presented at an 18-19 November 1993 conference at Tufts University sponsored by the International Security Studies Program at Tufts, the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army and the Army War College. Several of the papers are cited separately in this bibliography.]

Pfeiffer, Tom. "U.S. Hands Over Somali Mission to New UN Peacekeeping Force," Arms Control Today vol 23 (June 1993), pp. 28, 34.

Phillips, Guy R. Lt Cmdr. "Rules of Engagement: A Primer," The Army Lawyer (Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, Pamphlet 27-50-248, July 1993), pp. 4-27.

[It is now generally accepted that the political component of peace enforcement operations is far higher than in general hostilities. Canadian Forces Lt. Cmdr. Phillips advocates a greater role for legal advisors in the establishment of ROE. Is it not equally true that the modern force commander also needs far more and wiser political advice in carrying out peace enforcement operations?]

Phillips-Beaudan, Eric. "Peacekeeping Woes," Retired Officer vol 50 (July 1994), pp. 36-42.

Physicians for Human Rights Staff, Hidden Enemies: Land Mines in Northern Somalia (New York: Physicians for Human Rights, November 1992) 52 p.

Pilger, John. "The US fraud in Africa: Operation Restore Hope is part of new age imperialism," New Statesman & Society (8 January 1993), pp. 10-11.

[Anti-U.S. tirade, more an echo of Cold War propaganda than reflecting current world problems.]

Piquard, Patrice. "A Shrinking Superpower: U.S. Humiliations in Somalia and Haiti," translated from L'Evénement du Jeudi (no date) and published in World Press Review vol 40, no 12 (December 1993), pp. 8-9.

Pomonti, Jean-Claude. "Somalie: La mort de l'ancien président Syaad Barre: Un homme d'Etat manqué," Le Monde (4 janvier 1995), p. 5.

[An excellent interpretive obituary in which the long-term effects of Siad Barre's misrule of Somalia are outlined.]

Porteous, Tom. "Somalia: The Failure of the UN," Middle East International no 492 (20 January 1995), pp. 17-18.

ibid. "Mission Unaccomplished: In reverse chronological order [the author] explains why he has resigned from the UN's operation in Somalia," The Spectator vol 273, no 8675 (15 October 1994), pp. 10-12.

[More commentary on the sad results that follow ignorance of the Somali cultural system by the international force.]

Porter, Bruce D. The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars, 1945-1980 (New York: Cambridge Univ Press, 1984) 245 p.

Porzio, Giovanni and Gabriella Simoni, Inferno Somalia: Quando Muore la Speranza (Mursia: Fatti, 1993) 191 p.

[Examines the civil war in Somalia, and "when hope dies."]

Posner, Michael. "Rally Round Human Rights," Foreign Policy no. 97 (Winter 1994-95), pp. 133-139.

[In the continuing debate over the U.S. posture in the world after the Somalia experience, Posner upholds human rights values. His article replies to one calling for its abandonment. See Tonelson.]

Post, Tom, et al. "Cry Uncle: Only five weeks after leaving Somalia, American forces were back taking care of unfinished business..." Newsweek (21 June 1994), pp. 20-23.

[Taking revenge against Aideed.]

Powell, Colin. (With Joseph E. Persico) My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995) 643 p.

[Includes several comments about the decision to intervene in Somalia. Perpetuates the fiction that Security Council Resolution 814, the so-called "nation-building" mandate, was somehow a surprise to the US. This was written in the Pentagon by the same team that wrote Resolution 797, which authorized UNITAF, in order to provide a powerful mandate to cover the withdrawal of UNITAF.]

Powell, Stewart M. "American Troops - American Command: The Notion of Turning US Forces Over to UN Field Command Sank Like a Big Blue Rock," Air Force Magazine (January 1994), pp. 46-49.

Prados, Alfred B. "Somalia: Current Developments, Drawdowns, and Implications," Report for Congress (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, October 21, 1994) 15 p.

Prendergast, John. The Gun Talks Louder Than the Voice: Somalia's Continuing Cycles of Violence (Washington: Center of Concern, July 1994) 55 p.

[The author has long been a student of the Horn of Africa. His compassion and scholarship make his materials always relevant.]

ibid. The Bones of Our Children are not yet Buried: The Looming Specter of Famine and Massive Human Rights Abuse in Somalia (Washington: Center of Concern, January 1994).

ibid. In the Horn of Africa (Washington, DC: Center of Concern, circa October 1993) 66 p.

[A selection of articles on the Horn of Africa by the author, edited and introduced by Paige Hull.]

ibid. "New Approach Needed in Somalia," Africa News vol 38 no 5 (5-18 April 1993), p. 12.

[The emphasis on food distribution must be changed in order to permit the local farmers to regain their markets.]

ibid. Peace, Development, and People of the Horn of Africa (Washington, DC: Center of Concern and the Institute on Hunger & Development, Occasional Paper No. 1, May 1992) 56 p.

ibid. "Somalia's Silent Slaughter," America vol 162, no 11 (24 March 1990), pp. 285-286.

[Calls for a more active U.S. Government role in relieving the agonies of the Somali people.]

Press, Robert M. "Retreat from Somalia: Lives were saved, but opportunities for peace were lost during the United Nations' mission," The Christian Science Monitor (27 February 1995), pp. 9-11.

[An exceptional three-page center-fold spread about the Somalia operation.]

ibid. "Peace Prospects Dim as US Troops Begin Withdrawal From Somalia," The Christian Science Monitor (16 December 1993), p. 7

[An interesting companion piece to the Edward Olsen article -- see above.]

ibid. "Critics Decry Bid to Stem Somalis' Flight Into Kenya," The Christian Science Monitor (16 October 1993), p. 1, 4.

ibid. "Small Signs of Renewal in Somalia," The Christian Science Monitor (29 September 1992), p. 5.

[Speaks of the restoration of farming in the Juba and Shabele valleys.]

ibid. "The Mood in Mogadishu," Africa Report vol 36 no 2 (March 1991), pp. 16-17.

[The city of Mogadishu is in ruins. The shops have been looted, and now the looters are being looted.]

Preston, Julia. "U.S. Troops May Aid in U.N. Withdrawal From Somalia," Washington Post (16 September 1994), p. A29.

[On the day after the closing of the USLO in Mogadishu, the author reports the specter of a return to Somalia by U.S. troops to assist in the withdrawal of UN forces.]

ibid. "The U.N.'s Peace Warrior: He Aims to End Strife, but Boutros Boutros-Ghali Creates His Own Clashes," The Washington Post (27 December 1993), pp. D1-2.

[The WP puts its own perspective on current U.N. issues by putting a long and useful feature article on the UN Secretary-General in the fashion section.]

Pringle, Peter. "Horror Comes Home for GIs in Somalia: TV Images Trigger Instant Outrage," originally published in The Independent and reproduced in the World Press Review vol 40, no 12 (December 1993), pp. 9-11.

Prunier, Gérard. "Segmentarité et Violence dans l'Espace Somali de la Jihad de Baardheere à la Guerre Civile de Siad Barre (1840-1992), " Presented at VIIa Semana de Estudios Africanos, Barcelona, 28 febrero-4 Marzo 1994, to be published in Africa Internacional (Madrid), 23 p.

ibid. "Somaliland: birth of new country," in Charles Gurdon, ed. The Horn of Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 61-75.

[M. Prunier is a scholar with a long history of interest in and writings about the Horn of Africa. For several years, he has been a primary advisor to the French Socialist Party on African issues.]

ibid. "De l'Aide Humanitaire à la Chasse aux Civils: L'inconcevable aveuglement de l'ONU en Somalie," Le Monde Diplomatique (novembre 1993), p. 7.

ibid. "La dimension historique de la crise somalienne," Relations Internationales et Stratégiques no 9 (printemps 1993), pp. 89-106.

ibid."Humanitaire: Un Droit Hypocrite, La politique bafouée," Le Monde des Débats (Janvier 1993), pp. 5-6.

ibid. "La Corne de l'Afrique: éléments bibliographiques récents," Arabica vol 40 no 1 (1993), pp. 32-61.

[Not so much on Somalia.]

ibid. "Sanglante recomposition dans la corne de l'Afrique," Le Monde Diplomatique no 39 (avril 1992), p. 11.

ibid. "A Candid View of the Somali National Movement," Horn of Africa vol XIII, nos 3-4 (July-December 1990), pp. 107-120.

Puchala, Donald J. "Outsiders, Insiders, and UN Reform," The Washington Quarterly vol 17, no 4 (Fall 1994), pp. 161-173.

Puglielli, Annarita, ed. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Somali Studies (Rome: Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 1988).

Pullen, Randy. "Return from Somalia," Army Reserve Magazine (Summer 1994), pp. 12-13.

["...Soldiers served as journalists, television producers, travel coordinators, labor negotiators, security advisors, intelligence collectors, and experts on wells ...Reservists in Somalia are combat soldiers... working in a strange, uncertain land that turns hostile without warning..."]

Purohit, Mahesh C. "Somalia: tax reform in an unconventional economy: a case study," Bulletin for International Fiscal Documentation/Bulletin de Documentation Fiscale Internationale vol 44 (April 1990), pp. 185-93.

Purvis, Andrew. "Somalia: Back to the Bad Old Days: As weary U.S. troops depart, they leave behind a country in no better shape than when they arrived," Time (28 March 1994), p. 37.

["...the echoes of 1991 and early 1992, when the world stood by while the country slipped into famine, are disturbing...]

ibid. "Wanted: Warlord No 1," Time 141 (28 June 1993), p. 48.

ibid. "In the Cross Fire," Time vol 141, no 10 (8 March 1993), p. 47.

[Discusses his experience in the 25-26 January 1993 firefight in the Hotel Sahafi, the "journalists' hotel," which was located right in the middle of the exchange.]

Putman, Diana Briton & Mohamood Cabdi Noor, The Somalis: Their History and Culture (Washington, DC: The Refugee Service Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Fact Sheet #9, October 1993) 34 p.

[An excellent introduction to Somali language and culture.]

Pytte, Alyson. "Congress is using aid as a lever to protest rights abuses: effort to pressure regimes in Somalia and the Sudan runs into strategic and management concerns," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 47 (13 May 1989), pp. 1132-1135.