Rake, Alan. "No solution in sight," New African (February 1994), p. 28.

[Discusses the failed January 1994 Addis Ababa conference.]

ibid."UN Bungles again..." New African (December 1993), p. 31.

[Looks at UN activities in Somaliland.]

ibid. "What's Wrong in Somalia?...The UN has been totally incompetent in Somalia..." New African (November 1993), pp. 14-16.

ibid. "Blame Aideed, Not the UN," New African (September 1993), pp. 14-15.

[The subhead says it all: "The trouble with the UN forces in Somalia is that they have failed to capture General Aideed who is at the root of all Somalia's current troubles... Already there are hopeful signs of democratic transitional organizations emerging which need support..." Unfortunately, the fanciful historical facts presented --"80,000 troops deployed by Bush in January" (!) detract from the fair conclusions of the report.]

Rakiya Omaar. "Somaliland: One Thorn Bush at a Time," Current History vol 93 no 583 (May 1994) pp 232-236.

[General background on the politics of the northwest, a tip of the hat to the Borama Conference, but mostly pleased that it produced a Somali solution to Somali problems.]

ibid. "The Best Chance for Peace," Africa Report (May/June 1993), pp. 44-48.

ibid. "Somalia: At War with Itself," Current History (May 1992), pp. 230-234.

ibid. "Somalia's nightmare," West Africa (17-23 August 1992), pp. 1382-1383.

ibid. "Somalia: Indifference to a human tragedy: An African disgrace," West Africa (24-30 August 1992), p. 1431.

[The author states that "it is hypocritical of Africans to condemn the West for paying too much attention to Yugoslavia at the expense of Somalia. Why should Europeans care about Somalia when Africans appear indifferent to the country's plight?"]

ibid. "Somalia: Promoting the search for peaceful dialogue: Diminishing prospects," West Africa (3-9 February 1992), pp. 182-183.

Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal. Somalia Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment (London: Africa Rights, May 1993) 59 p.

[It is unfortunate that the authors appear so intent on condemnation of the international intervention that they miss most of the practical problems of "Restore Hope" and stubbornly misinterpret most of those that they do identify. The authors adopt a shotgun, anecdotal approach to gathering evidence, based on street interviews in Mogadishu and a few local towns.]

ibid. "Saving Somalia Without the Somalis," Africa News vol 37, nos 7-8 (21 December 1992), p. 4.

[The US intervention in Somalia complicates efforts by ordinary Somalis to emerge from the civil war chaos.]

ibid. "Somalia's Uninvited Saviors: The West May Be Stepping on People It Wants to Help," The Washington Post (13 December 1992), p. D1.

["...Who will gain from the U.S. occupation and who will lose? In this atmosphere, clan negotiators are paralyzed with uncertainty, while the warlords' eyes gleam with the chance of fresh adventures out of the sight of the Marines..."]

ibid. "Who Prolongs Somalia's Agony," (Op-Ed) The New York Times (26 February 1992), p. 21.

[The UN-negotiated cease-fire in Somalia does not rest on solid diplomatic foundations; what is needed are unconditional food assistance to permit the warring factions to concentrate on negotiating.]

Randall, Teri. "Khat Abuse Fuels Somali Conflict, Drains Economy," Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269, no 1 (6 January 1993), pp. 12-13.

Ransdell, Eric, and Carla Anne Robbins. "Operation Restore Hope: Feeding the Hungry in Somalia May be the Easy Part for America: Getting Out May be Tougher," U.S. News & World Report vol 113 (14 December 1992), pp. 26-30.

Rapuano, Kenneth R. "Peace-Enforcement Operations," One of three articles on Humanitarian Operations in Marine Corps Gazette vol 77 (October 1993), pp. 17-20.

Ratner, Steven R., The New UN Peacekeeping: Building Peace in Lands of Conflict After the Cold War (New York: St Martin's Press: Council on Foreign Relations, 1995) 322 p.

[Primarily focused on Cambodia; contains some interesting material on the UN operation in Somalia.]

Rawson, David. "Dealing with Disintegration: U.S. Assistance and the Somali State," in Ahmed I. Samatar, ed. The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 147-187.

Rawson, David, with Mary Lou Bothwell, Tim McCoy and Elizabeth Walton. The Somali State and Foreign Aid (Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O. for the Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State, 1993) 132 p.

[Although this book has no central bibliography or index, it contains a lot of invaluable information on the process of the relationship between Somalia and its various western patrons, especially the U.S. The second chapter: "Democracy, Socialism and Decline," is especially useful for a quick history of modern Somalia.]

Ray, Robert. "Peacekeeping and Peacemaking--The Challenge for the Future," in Hugh Smith, ed. Peacekeeping: Challenges for the future (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993) 229 p.

[The Honorable Robert Ray was Australia's Minister of Defense during its operations in Somalia.]

Rayne, H. Sun, Sand and Somals (London: H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921) 223 p.

[The author was a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. Although quite dated, his observations of local common-law codes and mores remain significant.]

Reed, Fred. "The High Price of Patriotism," Air Force Times 54 (14 February 1994), p. 55.

Reisman, W. Michael. "Peacemaking," "Comments" in The Yale Journal of International Law vol 1, no 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 415-423.

[Elaborates on peacekeeping concepts, taking Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's "Agenda for Peace."]

Remnek, Richard B. "The Soviet-Somali 'Arms for Access' Relationship," Soviet Union/Union Sovietique vol 10 pt 1 (1983), pp. 59-81.

[Uses Soviet documentation to establish that the close relationship between Somalia and the Soviet Union developed out of mutual interests, with the Somalis taking the initiative in the race of a lot of Soviet skepticism and concern about Somali irredentism.]

Renner, Michael G. Critical Juncture: The Future of Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute Paper 114, 1993) 74 p.

[Examines the shortcomings of various UN interventions, including that of Somalia. The author proposes new standards for such operations.]

ibid. "A Force for Peace," World Watch (July-August 1992), pp. 26-33.

Ricciuti, Edward R. Somalia: A Crisis of Famine & War (Millbrook Press, Inc. Headliners Series, 1993) 64 p.

Rice, John, et al. "Always the First to Deliver Relief and Hope: the Guard's International Role," National Guard 47 (March 1993), pp. 22-24.

Richards, T.A. "Marines in Somalia: 1992," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 119 (May 1993), pp. 133-136.

Richburg, Keith B. "Continental Divide," The Washington Post Magazine (26 March 1995), pp. 16-21, 30-33.

[As stated elsewhere, Richburg was one of the very best reporters of the Somali scene. In this valedictory message on his African experience -- he is being assigned to the Post's Hong Kong bureau -- Richburg relates his disappointments and frustrations as both black man and journalist in Africa, an interesting, if poignant, witness of current tragedies, including Somalia, Rwanda and elsewhere.]

ibid., "Somalie. Deux ans après... En décembre 1992, les premiers marines débarquaient à Mogadiscio. Bilan de l'opération Restore Hope: globalement négatif," Jeune Afrique no 1711 (15 au 21 décembre 1994), pp. 24-25.

[The results of Operation Restore Hope are now seen to be largely negative. The high quality reporting of events in Somalia by this Washington Post correspondent set the standard upon which all of his colleagues could be judged.]

ibid. "Somalia Slips Back to Bloodshed: Anarchy, Death Toll Grow as U.N. Mission Winds Down," The Washington Post (4 September 1994), pp. 1, 43.

[U.S. Special Envoy Dan Simpson introduces a new element in the analysis of the failure of the U.N. operation in Somalia: "If you really believe in the principle of self-determination, then they [the Somalis] have the right not to have a government...Its not a critical piece of real estate for anybody in the post-Cold War world." Deputy Force Commander MGen Nyambuya provides his own interpretation of events in Somalia: "Just as the firearm put an end to feudalism in Europe, the RPG will put an end to any type of agreement you might try to devise among people who don't have RPG's." This article has an air of finality about it.]

ibid. "Aideed Exploited U.N.'s Failure to Prepare: U.S. Pressure Led to Hasty Handover," The Washington Post(5 December 1993), p. A1, and "In War on Aideed, U.N. Battled Itself: Internal Conflict Stymied Decisions on Military Operations," The Washington Post (6 December 1993), p. A1.

[A two-part series, "Peace Under Fire," by the Washington Post's intrepid East African correspondent. His long series of articles on Somalia, dating back well into 1992, represent the most reliable and interesting media materials available on the Somali crisis.]

ibid."U.S. Somalia Envoy Urged Policy Shift Before 18 GIs Died," The Washington Post (11 November 1993), pp. A39, A44.

[Part of the war of leaks and revisionist theories that erupted after the dramatic shift in U.S. policy in October-November.]

ibid. "Somalis' Imprisonment Poses Questions About U.N. Role," The Washington Post (7 November 1993), p. A45.

[Discusses the fundamental legal problem of the 55 Somali detainees held by the U.N. in Mogadishu. The detainees were not charged, and were provided no legal assistance. They were visited by the Red Cross.]

ibid. "Warlords Feed Famine: Feud Cuts Lifeline to Somali Aid Station," The Washington Post (30 October 1992), pp. 1, A31.

[Describes the plight of Bardera, the relief of which was one of the primary military objectives of Operation Restore Hope. Aideed left the town on 19 September; it was promptly taken over by General Morgan. "Aideed considered the lost of Bardera a personal affront." At the time of this report, Aideed was gathering a force at Baidoa, about 100 miles away, with a view of retaking Bardera.]

ibid. "Can Battered Somalia Be Pieced Back Together?" Washington Post (24 September 1992), p. 20.

[Somalia now appears broken down into feudal clan-states. Does Somalia need to be put back together as a federal state? Some Somalis believe that only a strong military leader can hold the country together. Rakiya Omaar believes that the lack of a central government may not be such a bad thing. Said Samatar believes a loose confederation of clan-states is best. Muslim extremism appears of little attraction ("The Islamic Front guerrillas have ... retreated into the territory of the Warsangali sub-clan.") There is a lot of spontaneous local community efforts, part of which is the result of the continued existence of the village elder system.]

ibid. "Solutions for Somalia Complicated by Chaos: Authority is Absent and Food is Power," Washington Post (30 August 1992), p. 1.

["...'The problem here is not resources or food,' said Andrew Natsios, President Bush's special coordinator for the Somali relief effort, Operation Provide Relief, of which (General Frank) Libbuti is commander. 'It is security. It is the clan war. It is the anarchy... the problem in Somalia 'is that we have not developed a doctrine that works yet on how to deal with anarchy. This is not civil war -- this is chaos'..."]

Ricks, Thomas E. "U.S. Wants to Withdraw from Somalia But Hangs On for the Sake of the U.N." Wall Street Journal (2 September 1993), p. A14.

Ridgeway, James. "Guns and Butter: Somalia and Haiti Explode the Myth of Humanitarian Relief," The Village Voice vol 38, no 42 (19 October 1993), pp. 19-20.

[Charity as a diversion within the New World Order to mask the pursuit of U.S. and other interests around the world.]

ibid. "Bay of Piglets: Bush's last hurrah proves it is still true: Get 'em by the balls and their hearts and minds will follow,' The Village Voice vol 37 no 50 (15 December 1992), pp. 31-33.

[The author calls for a vast vocational training program to encompass the entire Horn of Africa. He reviews at length the colonial history of the area.]

Rieff, David. "The Illusions of Peacekeeping," World Policy Journal vol XI, no 3 (Fall 1994), pp. 1-18.

[A very useful addition to the continuing debate on the role of the UN in peacekeeping. The author concludes that while the UN is an important vehicle, the really hard cases of international breakdown, it will be the great powers that must step in to bring order.]

Rifac, S. "Somalie: aide humanitaire ou intérêt stratégique," Cahiers du Communisme vol 69, no 3 (mars 1993), pp. 115-118.

Rikhye, Indar Jit, (MGen, ret). "UN Institutional Reform and Effective Peacekeeping Operations," in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Implications for the United States Military (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, May 1993), pp. 17-24.

[Paper presented at a conference on Nontraditional Roles for the U.S. Military in the Post-Cold War Era, held 1-3 December 1992 at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University in Washington, DC. Ge. Rikhye has vast experience in UN peace-keeping matters. See his Military Adviser to the Secretary General: U.N Peacekeeping and the Congo Crisis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) 355 p.]

Ritchie, Elspeth Cameron, (Maj). "Washing Clothes," Journal of the American Medical Association vol 270, no 4 (28 July 1993), p. 435.

[An Army psychiatrist writes wistfully of a day in Mogadishu.]

Robbie, Charles. "A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping," Survival vol 36 no 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 121-148.

["Peacekeeping should...be characterized by impartiality and minimum force. Peace enforcement ... dispenses with consent and is conducted, in the main, in accordance with standard military principles predicated on the identification of an enemy..." The author also wrote the British Army Field Manual: Wider Peacekeeping. In my view, the above definition makes military sense but goes farther than is politically credible. The article cites the Somalia operation extensively]

Robbins, Carla Ann. "One man's plea for Somalia," U.S. News & World Report vol 113 no 20 (23 November 1992), p. 14.

[Mohamed Sahnoun, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Somalia pleads for the country.]

Roberts, Adam. "The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping," Survival vol 36 no 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 93-120.

[Useful summary of recent peacekeeping operations. Referring to PDD-25: "...the characteristic and understandable US anxiety to work out in advance an end-point to an operations, coupled with the equally understandable US worry about casualties, can actually encourage local leaders to be obstinate, knowing that they can outlast an embattled peacekeeping force..."]

ibid. "The Road to Hell... A Critique of Humanitarian Intervention," Harvard International Review vol 26 no 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 10-13, 63.

[The need for international doctrine for peacekeeping operations is quite clear.]

ibid. "The United Nations and International Security," Survival vol 35, no 2 (Summer 1993), pp. 3-30.

ibid. "Humanitarian War: military intervention and human rights," International Affairs vol 69, no 3 (July 1993), pp. 429-449.

Roberts, Adam, and Benedict Kingsbury. Presiding Over a Divided World: Changing UN Roles, 1945-1993 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994) 91 p.

[A useful survey of the activities of the United Nations which examines the Somalia operation in a longer-term context.]

ibid. eds. United Nations, Dividied World: The UN's Roles in International Relations, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) 589 p.

[An excellent and useful selection of articles by UN specialists; includes some material on the Somalia intervention.]

Roberts, Michele Ritchie (Capt), Alexander C. Wetzel (Capt), and Stephen Bolton (Capt). "Logistics Lessons from Somalia -- an Operation Other Than War," Army Logistician (September/October 1994), pp. 2-5.

[Three very interesting articles from experts in three different logistical specialties: supply management, equipment lessons learned, and that all important component of all armies, food.]

Roberts, Steven. "Staring again at a nation's fears," U.S. News & World Report vol 115 no 16 (25 October 1993), pp. 8-9.

[Video determines U.S. foreign policy again.]

Robinson, Mary, A Voice for Somalia (nc: Dufour Editions, August 1993), 96 p.

Robinson, Randall. "The Story Behind Somalia," Essence (March 1993), p.170.

[Randall Robinson is executive director of TransAfrica.]

Rodley, Nigel S. ed. To Loose the Bands of Wickedness: International Intervention in Defence of Human Rights (London: Brassey's, 1992) 287 p.

[See articles listed for Fifoot and Connaughton.]

Rogge, John R. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Needs for Displaced Persons in Somalia: With Special Reference to the Northern Regions and to the Juba Valley A Report to the United Nations Development Programme (Winnepeg: Disaster Research Unit, The University of Manitoba, 20 May 1993) 63 p.

ibid. "The Challenges of Changing Dimensions among the South's Refugees," International Journal of Refugee Law vol 5 no 1 (1993), pp. 12-30.

Rondot, Pierre. "L'evolution politique de la Somalie," Defense Nationale vol 47 (October 1991), pp. 103-118.

Roos, John G. "The Perils of Peacekeeping: Tallying the Costs in Blood, Coin, Prestige, and Readiness," Armed Forces Journal International (December 1993), pp. 13-17.

ibid. "Joint Task Forces: Mix 'n' Match Solutions to Crisis Response," Armed Forces Journal International 130 (January 1993), pp. 33-34.

Rosenau, William. "Non-Traditional Missions and the Future of the U.S. Military, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol 18 no 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), pp. 31-48.

[The U.S. military despises non-traditional missions as a matter of rule, but the author points out that it has always done them.]

Rossman, James E. "Article 43: Arming the United Nations Security Council," New York University Journal of Internationl Law and Politics vol 27 no 1 (Fall 1994), pp. 227-263.

[A massively-footnoted examination of the possibilities of established an international peacekeeping force direcly serving the UN Security Council.]

Rostow, Eugene V. "Is U.N. Peacekeeping a Growth Industry?" Joint Force Quarterly no 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 100-105.

[Another call for restraint in the creation of new peacemaking institutions -- far better to rely on traditional sovereignty than to support a super government.]

Rotberg, Robert I. "Leaving Somalia in the Lurch," Christian Science Monitor (26 January 1994), p. 6.

[Rotberg is president of the World Peace Foundation. He regrets the precipitous departure of U.S. forces so important to backing up UNOSOM II.]

Rothchild, Donald, and Alexander J. Groth. "Pathological Dimensions of Domestic and International Ethnicity," Political Science Quarterly vol 110 no 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 69-82.

[An interesting study of ethnic conflicts, with indirect bearing on the Somali civil war. Somalia is not cited.]

Rothschild, Matthew. "Save the Somalis--A Dissent," Progressive vol 57 no 1 (January 1993), p. 9.

[Takes on criticism from the left and strongly supports the U.S. military deployment to Somalia: If ever there were a legitimate role for a military, this would be it.]

Rothstein, Laurence I. "Protecting the new world order. It is time to create a United Nations Army," New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law vol 14 (November 1, 1993), pp. 107-142.

Rowley, Storer H. "Somalia Press Invasion Becomes Part of the Story," Africa News vol 38 no 2-3 (8 March 1993), p. 4.

Royer, Howard E. "Relief Work in Somalia: Armed to the teeth," Christian Century (18-25 November 1992), pp. 1052-1053.

[What can be the future of a society in which the norm is arming civilians to kill?]

Rubinstein, Robert A. "Cultural Aspects of Peacekeeping: Notes on the Substance of Symbols," Millennium: Journal of International Studies vol 22 no 3, (Winter 1993) pp. 547-562.

[Explores the new symbolic roles for the UN in the peacekeeping operations since the end of the Cold War.]

Rudolph, Joseph R., Jr. "Intervention in Communal Conflicts," Orbis vol 39 no 2 (Spring 1995), pp. 259-273.

[The author immediately challenges the reader with the arguable premise that "No peacekeeper who has intervened in a communal conflict has yet been able to withdraw after successfully restoring peace between the combatants." At the end, the reader is let down with "Look before you leap."]

Ruggie, John Gerard. "Peacekeeping and U.S. Interests. " The Washington Quarterly vol 17, no 4 (Fall 1994), pp. 175-184.

[Provides a much-needed and well thought out critiques of PDD-25.]

ibid. "Wandering in the Void, Charting the U.N.'s New Strategic Role," Foreign Affairs vol 72 no 5 (November/December 1993), pp. 26-31.

["...Alas, the domain between peacekeeping and enforcement is a doctrinal void...Peace-keeping essentially attempts to overcome a coordination problem between two adversaries... Enforcement, on the other hand, is akin to a game of chicken: the international community, through escalating measures that ultimately threaten war-making and military defeat, attempts to force an aggressor off its track..." p. 29. "On paper, the transition from Operation Restore Hope to UNOSOM II looked good. In practice, it has not been smooth or entirely effective, largely because the military mission of the former was under specified and inadequately executed." p. 31.]

Ruhela, Satya Pal. Mohammed Farah Aidid and his vision of Somalia (New Delhi: Vikas, 1994) 247 p.

[Not seen, but Ruhela is one of Aideed's ghost writers who collaborated in his published books. Aideed's vision is, unfortunately, considerably at variance with his record.]

Rupesinghe, Kumar, ed. Early Warning and Conflict Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992) 238 p.

Russett, Bruce M. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ Press, 1993) 173 p.

Ryan, Henry Butterfield. "A New Diplomacy," Government Executive (February 1993), pp. 36-38.

[A look at the U.S. diplomatic backup support to Operation Restore Hope.]