"Somaliland: Limited Powers," Africa Confidential vol 36 no 19 (22 September 1995), p. 8.

[Further insights into the sub-clan maneuvering around President Egal's government.]

"Somalia: As it was," The Economist (9 Septem-ber 1995), p. 48.

[Mogadishu continues its descent back into chronic conflict, with 2-3 people a day killed along the Green Line. "Somalia's trouble is that it may take serious fighting to make the world feel brave enough to care about it again..."]

"Somalia: Fighting on," Africa Confidential vol 36 no 18 (8 September 1995), pp. 5-6.

[An analysis of the clan games played by Mohamed Farah "Aideed" in the establishment of his 56-member "cabinet." The analysis concludes that Aideed has used the same rational as Ali Mahdi and Siad Barre.]

"Somalia: Rival Elections," Africa Confidential vol 36 no 13 (23 June 1995), p. 8.

[Discusses the sequence of events which saw Aideed deposed as head of his faction of the United Somali Congress by his old friend and financier, Osman Hassan Ali "Ato" on 12 June, and Aideed's response three days later. Aideed had himself crowned as "President" of Somalia, claiming support from 15 of the country's 16 factions.]

"UNOSOM withdrawal completed 'virtually without a hitch'," UN Chronicle (June 1995), pp. 14-17.

[The Chronicle, always cheerful and forward-looking, always finds the silver lining in the most dire circumstances.]

"Somalia: Going Back," The Economist (20-26 May 1995), pp. 42-43.

[Some UN agencies, including WFP and UNICEF, are returning to Somalia. There are no UN troops and no UN coordinating office.]

"Somalia: Warlord versus banker: The splits in General Aydeed's camp leave him and his country in a fragile position," Africa Confidential vol 36 no 10 (12 May 1995), pp. 3-4.

[According to this report, the Habr Gedir were chased from Belet Uen on 10 April by the Hawadle after Osman Ato removed his "technicals" from the town the previous day. This action exposed Aideed's troops, and they withdrew. Reports some utter rot about the origins of the 5 June 1993 Aideed ambush of Pakistani UNOSOM II forces.]

"Focus on the United Nations:UN Peacekeeping Operations," U.S. Department of State Dispatch vol 6 no 18 (1 May 1995), pp. 377-379.

[Briefing notes for arguing in favor of continued US contriutions to UN peacekeeping operations.]

"Somalia: Holding on in Somaliland," Africa Confidential vol 36 no 7 (31 March 1995), pp. 6-7.

[Good reviews of the political situation in the northwest. Just how strong are external pressures for reunification? Assuming that there are some people who believe in a united Somalia, to what political entity would Somaliland rejoin?]

"Somalia: Cut and run," The Economist (4 March 1995), p. 41.

[Provides atmospherics and some interesting facts about the situation in Mogadishu after the UN withdrawal.]

"Somalia: Not a Total Failure," (editorial) The New York Times (2 March 1995), p. A22.

["...the painful Somalia experience warrants tempered pride, not shame...Americans want to help when they see people starving...But the need for soldiers instead of relief workers usually means the humanitarian crisis cannot be solved without subduing military conflict first..."]

"Out of Somalia," (editorial) The Washington Post (1 March 1995), p. A20.

["...The United Nations did handle its role stiffly and bureaucratically, but contrary to wide-spread impression, the United States retained control throughout..."]

"Lessons From Somalia," (editorial) The Christian Science Monitor (1 March 1995), p. 20.

["...Somalia should not become an argument for shying away from relief efforts in the face of social and military unrest..."]

"UN peace-keepers to withdraw by end of March 1995," UN Chronicle (March 1995), pp. 24-25.

"As UN Withdraws from Somalia, Scandal of Stolen $3.9 Million Remains Lightly Investigated," International Documents Review Part I: vol 6 no 6 (13-17 February 1995) pp. 1-4; and "Respon-sibility for $3.9 Million UNOSOM Heist is Officially Focused on Scapegoats, idem.,"Part II: vol 6 no 7 (20-24 February 1995), p. 2.

[Provides summary of recent 17-page report (A-49-843) by the newly-established Office of Internal Oversight Services of the April 1994 theft from an unlocked file cabinet in a UNOSOM office. The anonymous author describes the report "as so haphazard that anyone unfamiliar with the UN could be excused for thinking it was part of a deliberate cover-up..." The scapegoat noted in part II was Doug Manson, the over-worked and under-supported Director of Administration for UNOSOM who was forced to submit an immediate resignation.]

"Can peacekeeping survive?" The Economist (11 February 1995), pp. 37-38.

["...talk of the UN returning to its 'traditional' role--which was largely the monitoring of cease fires between ex-combatant states-- is meaningless: the world seldom fights that way nowadays...Of the 11 UN operations started since January 1992, all but two related to domestic conflicts, drawing the peacekeepers into the unmapped labyrinth of guerrilla warfare, collapsed state institutions and belligerents who do not want their quarrel resolved..."]

"United Nations and Somalia: Orderly retreat, with luck," The Economist (4 February 1995).

["..The Somali mission...is ending at a time of good harvests. But if fighting spreads, food could become as scarce, over the next few months, as it was two years ago..."]

"The Future of U.N. Peacekeeping," New York Times (12 January 1995), p. A24.

[In this editorial, the Times notes the reluctance of the Clinton administration to engage in multilateral peacekeeping since the Somalia experience and suggests that future multilateral operations be assigned on a national basis.]

"The Future of Peace-Keeping," The Washington Post (8 January 1995), p. C6.

[The Post comments on the various levels of debate in the U.S. on peacekeeping. It believes that Senator Dole's effort to thwart future multinational use of U.S. forces may "help rally fading American sentiment for any international peace-keeping at all." The Post concludes that "as the lone global power, (the U.S.) Also has a greater self-interest than any other country in improving and supporting a system that does not depend on American intervention alone to maintain world stability."]

"Somalia: Aydeed's dilemma: An escalation of fighting as the UN starts to withdraw is overshadowing political initiatives," Africa Confidential vol 36, no 1 (6 January 1995),

pp. 6-7.

[Discusses the "national conferences" of Aideed and Ali Mahdi; notes that the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea are now backing Aideed in the interests of regional security; provides what appears to be an excellent survey of current inter-clan dynamics.]

"Le désespoir somalien," (editorial) Le Monde (4 janvier 1995), p. 1.

[Early obituary for Operation Restore Hope.]

"The International Order: Situation, Mission, Execution: The West has not yet got a foreign policy for the 21st century...," The Economist (24 December 1994-6 January 1995), pp. 17-20.

[The always-incisive British journal sees an increasingly disorderly world scene and calls for common foreign policy positions in the West.]

"Somalia: Last-chance conference," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 644 (29 October 1994), p. 3.

[Provides interesting information on the formation of Aideed's own "Group of 12" and UN efforts to hold a national conference which includes the defensive group of 12 under Ali Mahdi. See also "Aideed's "G12" on page 8.]

"Somalia: Epistle to Boutros-Ghali," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 641 (8 October 1994), p. 3.

[Reports on letter from Somaliland President Mohamed Ibrahim Egal to the UN Secretary-General which contests certain assertions in the latter's 17 September report to the Security Council. The letter "corrects" statements that Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed is now the head of the SSDF in neighboring Bossaso and that Abd-er-Rahman Ali "Tur" is chairman of the SNM.]

"Somalia: Warlords restored," Africa Confidential vol 35 no 20 (7 October 1994), pp. 1-3.

["...In this chaos, UNOSOM has drawn ever closer to Aydeed (Saad/Habr Gedir/Hawiye). This is partly because it confuses the SNA chief's nuisance value with political ability but also because it thinks he holds the key to a national alliance more solid than the one offered by arch rival Ali Mahdi..."]

"The Somali spectre: Peacekeeping is still haunted by its misadventures in Somalia. But some lessons have not yet been absorbed," The Economist (1 October 1994), p. 20.

[Thoughtful observations on the many failings in the Somalia international humanitarian interventions: "The bad old days of banditry and looting are back."]

"Somalia: Closing-down sale," The Economist (24 September 1994), p. 43.

[Depressing description of the impending collapse of the UNISOM II operation and the return to the status quo ante international intervention.]

"Somalia: Bosaso thrives on ransom," Indian Ocean Newsletter no 638 (17 September 1994), pp. 1-2.

[One of the consequences of the collapse of central authority was uncontrolled fisheries off the country's northern coast, with boats of many nations using every means to harvest Somalia's rich maritime resources. There was a Somali riposte, however, described in detail in this article, with Mijertein pirates preying on the foreign fishermen and holding them and their vessels for ransom.]

"Somalia: End of SSDF congress," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 636 (3 September 1994), p. 4.

[The complicated process of choosing a new leader for the SSDF seemingly leads to the re-election of Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed to lead the organization. This report may be erroneous, based upon misinformation supplied to the U.N. by the SNA.]

"UNOSOM II mandate renewed, humanitarian aspect stressed," UN Chronicle vol 31, no 3 (September 1994), pp. 21-23.

[Describes at some length the Secretary-General's 24 May 1994 report to the Security Council on the situation in Somalia.]

"Agenda for Peace: Peace-keeping guidelines set out by Security Council," UN Chronicle vol 31, no 3 (September 1994), p. 54.

["...As a leading principle, peace-keeping operations should be under UN control..."]

"North-East Africa: Paying the price of war," Africa Confidential vol 35 no 15 (29 July 1994), pp. 1-2.

[Famine is the price of continuing conflict:"..In Somalia, to which Western Governments are increasingly wary of committing resources, food shortages caused by drought and insecurity threaten to exacerbate a deteriorating security situation..."]

"Somalia: North-East at boiling point," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 633 (23 July 1994), pp. 1-2.

[More on the swirling politics within the SSDF. The 20 June beginning of the 5th Party Congress was again delayed as partisans of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed and Mohamed Abshir jockey for positions.]

"United Nations Peacekeeping: Trotting to the rescue," The Economist (25 June 1994), pp. 19-23.

[Provides summary of current debate on UN peacekeeping, with useful graphics and comments.]

"Somalia: Aydeed's local difficulties," Africa Confidential vol 35 no 12 (17 June 1994), p. 7.

[Another article which indicates strained relations between Aideed and his major lieutenants and clan allies.]

"Somalia: Back to the drawing board," Africa Confidential vol 35 no 11 (3 June 1994), pp. 5-6.

[Very interesting discussion of so-far unsuccessful efforts by the State Department and others to come up with a map for an acceptable federal reorganization of Somalia. The Administration appears to be working closely with the SSDF.]

"Mandate for UNOSOM II revised: 'Coercive methods' not to be used," UN Chronicle vol 31 no 2 (June 1994), pp. 13-15.

[Discusses the background to the adoption of UNSCR 897 (4 February 1994), which removed the last teeth from the original UNOSOM II mandate, effectively converting the operation back to a Chapter VI action.]

"Somalia: Habar Gedir and Hawadle face-off," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 625 (28 May 1994), p. 3

[Describes the current fighting for the control of Mogadishu airport and the recent conquest of Merca by SNA forces.]

"Horn of Africa: The Stateside View," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 622 (7 May 1994), pp. 1-2.

["...The subject of Somalia is virtually taboo in Washington at the moment...the debacle in Somalia seems to rule out, for the present anyway, the possibility of any direct armed intervention in Sudan..." This misreading of the likelihood of intervention in Sudan aside, the article presents interesting insights.]

"Shamed are the peacekeepers," The Economist (30 April 1994), pp. 15-16.

["...Constructive American leadership... will be crucial if the UN is ever again to hold high its head, and its flag.]

"Famine at the gate: Horn of Africa," The Economist (30 April 1994), p. 46.

[The Somalia of early 1994 is beginning to look more like the Somalia of late 1992.]

"Somalia: Drifting," The Economist (16 April 1994), pp. 45-46.

[As the Somalia operation subsides to non-confrontation, there are signs of drift on all sides.]

"Somalia: The end of the chapter," The Econ-omist (2 April 1994), pp. 42-43.

[The quiet departure of the American part of the UNOSOM force has many ironies that are not missed by the writer.]

"Adiós a Somalia," Revista Española de Defensa no 74 (abril 1994), pp. 10-11.

"Somalia: Touchy talks in Nairobi," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 615 (19 March 1994), pp. 1-2.

[Would have us believe that Aideed's move from Addis Ababa to Nairobi was done after Oakley threatens to "flatten" the southern part of Mogadishu. Reports frantic efforts by Aideed to get his people in Mogadishu to collaborate with UNOSOM. Useful notes on Kismayu.]

"Somalia: When the West Leaves," Africa Confidential vol 35 no 6 (18 March 1994), pp. 5-6.

[Helpful discussion of the background to the Cairo and Nairobi conferences, stresses within the Habr Gedir sub-clans.]

"'Fundamental review' of UNOSOM II follows violence: Council creates Commission of Inquiry," UN Chronicle vol 31 no 1 (March 1994), pp. 51-54.

[Describes background of UNSCR 885 of 16 November 1994, which established a com- mission of Inquiry to investigate armed attacks on UNOSOM II personnel which led to casualties among them."]

"Fourth Committee: Broader horizons: Growing responsibilities," UN Chronicle vol 31 no 1 (March 1994), pp. 90-91.

[Describes the adoption of resolution 48/42 by the General Assembly, as recommended by the new Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization), in which the Security Council and the Secretary-General are given new instructions for handling peacekeeping operations.]

"Somalia: Harti alliance sponsored by UN," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 612 (26 February 1994), p. 4.

[A Harti (group composed of Dolbuhante, Mijertain and Warsangeli sub-clans) conference was held in Garoe in December 1993 under UN and SSDF auspices. A follow up conference was held at the beginning of February at Las Anod. The goal is to encourage the Dolbuhante and Warsangeli to detach themselves from Somaliland and to rejoin with Somalia.]

"'Fundamental review' of UNOSOM II follows violence: Council creates Commission of Inquiry," UN Chronicle (March 1994), pp. 51-54.

[Preparatory to change in the mission.]

"Somalia: After Clinton's boys go home," The Economist vol 330 no 7849 (5 February 1994), pp. 38, 43.

[Predicts that anarchy and civil war will follow the departure of the American forces from Somalia.]

"Somalia: Prelude to War?" World Press Review (February 1994), p. 32.

[Cites several sources of commentary, including Gen. Mohammed Farah Aideed: "We prefer military units from the African countries ... We can solve our problems with them more easily."]

"Somali misery: What the UN can, and cannot, do to reduce it," Economist (15 January 1994), p. 18.

[In this leader, the editors take the U.S. to task for abandoning the operation, "contaminating the aid process" and "draining international goodwill." The comment notes the "absurd asymmetry" of an operation that spends $100 million in aid and $1.3 billion to protect it.]

"From the Editor: The US and Peacekeeping: A Change of Heart," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol 23 no 1 (January/February 1994), p. 1.

["...Those who rejoiced that the Gulf War finally erased 'the Vietnam Syndrome' from the American military are now realizing that such celebration was premature... International peace, security, and stability will be the poorer for this American Attitude."]

"De la Somalie au Mozambique: l'ONU à l'Epreuve de l'Est Africain," Le Trimestre du Monde no 1 (1994), pp. 95-176.

[Three articles dealing with the geopolitical situation in the Horn and the UN operations in Somalia and Mozambique.]

"Somalia: Aydeed Faces His Own People," Africa Confidential vol 34, no 24 (3 December 1993), pp. 3-4.

[Useful summary of problems within Aideed's Habr Gedir Sa'ad sub-clan.]

"Somalia: Honor Role," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 81, no 4 (December 1993), p. 22.

[Lists the names, ranks, home towns and causes of death for the 35 U.S. military and official civilian personnel killed in Operations Restore Hope and Continue Hope.]

"Somalia: UNOSOM objectives affirmed, despite continuing violence," UN Chronicle vol 30 no 4 (December 1993), pp. 24-27.

[Summarizes various resolutions and reports made by the UN. Fairly rosy scenario.]

"Armed protection for aid: No thanks," The Economist (27 November 1993), p. 43.

[Pertains to report by Médecins sans Frontières on humanitarian aid problems.]

Somalia: A Paradise Destroyed, a 50-minute videotape marketed by Lilian Barber Press, P.O. Box 232, New York, NY 10163. (Released November 1993).

[Useful for the historical background to the Somali situation, less so for the events that dominated the news after 5 June 1993.]

"Making no peace," The Economist vol 329, no 7838 (20 November 1993), pp. 45-46.

["...The notion that the United Nations should intervene forcefully to try to stop a civil conflict has been washed away in a tidal wave flowing from Mogadishu..."]

"NBC TV exec apologizes for calling Somali leader 'educated jungle bunny'," Jet (8 November 1993), p. 6.

[The executive producer of the 'NBC Nightly News,' Jeff Gralnick, apologizes to Mohamed Farah Aideed.]

"Missteps," Commonweal vol 120 no 19 (5 November 1993), pp. 3-4.

["...Whatever the limitations of Bush's policy, it was reasonably clear. Unfortunately that has not been the case for U.S. policy under Bill Clinton..."]

"Mr. Clinton's Quagmire," National Review vol 45 no 21 (1 November 1993), p. 12.

["...It is self-delusion to imagine that an army intervening to halt civil disorder is engaged in a purely humanitarian mission..."]

"Include Us Out," The Nation vol 257, no 13 (25 October 1993)

[A strong editorial condemnation of the military policy that led to the deaths of U.S. soldiers in Mogadishu.]

"Notebook," The New Republic vol 209 no 17 (25 October 1993), p. 8.

["...Clinton is faced with a cruel choice in Somalia: to surrender to the isolationism of the public and the opportunism of the Republicans in Congress, or to become more implicated in a political and military sinkhole..."]

"The tribal structure of society in Somalia," Middle East Reporter vol 71 (23 October 1993), pp. 14-15.

[Lists main clans and sub-clans, factions and the political groups they sponsor.]

"Somalia: What went wrong," U.S. News and World Report (18 October 1993), pp. 30-32+.

[Factors in the 2 October 1993 clash that killed 18 U.S. Rangers.]

"Somalia: The Retreat: Challenged by the guns of a Somali warlord and the pistols of an armed mob in Haiti, the United States has lost its taste for international intervention," The Economist vol 329 no 7833 (16 October 1993), pp. 45-46.

[The Economist has little patience for indecisive and reactive U.S. policies in the Horn.]

"Somalia-US: How ready-made solutions fail in tribal conflict," Middle East Reporter vol 71 (16 October 1993), pp. 11-12.

[The perils associated with the withdrawal of U.S. forces by 31 March 1994.]

"Somalia: Habr Gedir clan split," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 593 (9 October 1993), p. 3.

"The real news from Somalia--and it's good," The Economist (9 October 1993), pp. 43-44.

[No more starvation in Somalia.]

"Somaliland: UN Clangers," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 592 (2 October 1993), pp. 1-2.

"Somalia: If you are not part of the solution..." Africa Confidential vol 34, no 19 (24 September 1993), pp. 1-2.

"Somalia: The Mire," The Economist vol 328 no 7828 (11 September 1993), p. 4.

[The Economist journalist picks up a few comments from Ali Hassan Osman "Ato" who calls Admiral Howe a "political pygmy."]

"Exporting Pays Off," Business America (6 September 1993), p. 15.

[A Washington state builder of portable buildings has success selling buildings to a UNOSOM contingent.]

"Americans in Enemy Hands: POWs from the Revolution to Somalia," VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine vol 82, no 1 (September 1994), pp. 22-25.

[Richly illustrated article about POWs, written to celebrate National POW/MIA day, 16 September.]

"Unosom II takes 'decisive action' to restore peace: Killing of 24 peace-keepers is biggest single UN loss ever," UN Chronicle (September 1993), pp. 4-8.

"The 38th Floor: Security Council concludes 'Agenda for Peace' meetings," UN Chronicle (September 1993), pp. 2-3.

"Dial emergency: The United Nations has yet to find the right balance between its peacekeeping and its humanitarian services," The Economist vol 328 no 7824 (14 August 1993), pp. 17-18.

[An editorial that cites at length the Somalia intervention.]

"Somalia: Italy and US swap roles," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 586 (31 July 1993), pp. 1-2.

"Somalia: The UN Under Fire," Africa Confidential vol 34, no 15 (30 July 1993), pp. 1-2.

"Two Photographers Killed in Somalia," Editor & Publisher (24 July 1993), p. 11.

"The Choice in Somalia: Many deaths by famine or fewer deaths by United Nations intervention," The Economist (17 July 1993), p. 15.

"Tweaking the Trunk of the United Nations," The Economist (17 July 1993), p. 35.

"U.N. double standard means double trouble for hot spots," National Catholic Reporter vol 29 no 34 (16 July 1993), p. 28.

[In this influential journal, the administration is savaged for the inconsistency in its positions in Somalia and Bosnia.]

"Course Correction Needed in Somalia," New York Times (14 July 1993), p. 18

[The Times registers its indignation at the 12 July QRF raid in Mogadishu which led to the deaths of dozens of non-combatants.]

"Soldier Charged With Torture," Army Times 53 (12 July 1993), p. 2.

"Somalia: Making monkeys of the UN," The Economist (10 July 1993), p. 34.

"Hope Deferred," The Nation (5 July 1993), p. 4.

[Critical editorial.]

"Somalia: In the wake of UN raids," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 581 (26 June 1993), pp. 1-2.

"First, catch your gunman: Somalia reveals American initiative at its best and at its worst," The Economist (19 June 1993), pp. 16-17.

["...The task of clearing Somalia of its deadly bounty of American and Soviet weapons was not, the American insisted, for them. Feebly, they left the job to the polyglot UN force that replaced them last month, a group that includes 4000 American but is still less than half the size of the original American-led force, and far less well equipped or coordinated. The top bully in Mogadishu, Muhammad Farah Aideed, smiled at the Americans and bided his time. Once most were gone, the aid agencies, trying to switch from relief to rehabilitation, found all their old troubles returning, with new vengeance..."]

"Hope behind the horror," The Economist (19 June 1993), pp. 41-42.

[The Economist recognizes "a long overdue shift in the UN's military role in Somalia, from humanitarian intervention to more forceful peacemaking."]

"Death in Mogadishu: The UN must continue to strike against the warlords," (Editorial) The Times (London) 14 June 1993.

[Aideed's provocations cannot go unpunished.]

"Somalia: Warlord at large," The Economist (12 June 1993), p. 48.

"Somalia: 30,000-strong UN force into 'Restore Hope," UN Chronicle (June 1993), pp. 13-17.

[Lays out the goals of the UN in the UNOSOM II operation.]

"Somalia: Transition from U.S. to United Nations command," Foreign Policy Bulletin (May/June 1993), no 3, pp. 44-48.

"Operation Restore Hoax," Environmental Action vol 25 no 1 (Spring 1993), p. 6.

[Passes on the canard that the reason for U.S. deployment in Somalia was to protect U.S. company rights to an alleged petroleum bonanza in Somalia.]

"The bandits on their donkeys," The Economist (1 May 1993), pp. 40-41.

[Report from Kismayu after Morgan's people chased out the Jess militia.]

"Aspin Seeks Fund Shift to Pay for Mission," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 18 (1 May 1993), p. 1096.

[Secretary Aspin proposes a list of "reprogramming" that would shift $750 million from other defense programs to pay for the costs of the U.S. contribution to "Operation Restore Hope."]

"House Subcommittee Votes to Back Somalia Mission," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 17 (24 April 1993), p. 1033.

[The House Subcommittee on Africa finally approves a resolution authorizing the presence of US forces in Somalia on 22 April 1993, fully four months after the troops arrived in Somalia.]

"Somalia: NGO's take a gentle bow," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 571 (17 April 1993), pp. 1-2.

"Senators Seek Action on Somalia Role," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 13 (27 March 1993), p. 772.

[Senators Sam Nunn (D-GA) and Carl Levin (D-CA) urge the President to have Congressional authorization before orders US forces to remain in Somalia after the UN force takes over.]

"Somalia: The UN trundles into action," Africa Confidential vol 34, no 6 (19 March 1993), pp. 1-3.

"Lord of the warlords: If the United Nations is to run Somalia, it must be given broad, clear authority to do so," The Economist (6 March 1993), p. 18.

"Somalia: UN-mandated force seeks to halt tragedy: Operation Restore Hope," UN Chronicle (March 1993), pp. 13-16.

[Background to Security Council Resolution 794.]

"Special Report II on Somalia: Economic, Social and Administrative Reconstruction of Somalia," (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 25 February 1993) 4 p.

[Many of the same Somali exiles who gathered on 18 November 1992 meet again to make new recommendations to Operation Restore Hope. See below, 8 December 1992.]

"Senate Gives Belated Blessing to Somalia Intervention," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol 51 no 6 (6 February 1993), p. 277.

[Although U.S. forces went ashore in Somalia on 9 December 1992, the Senate did not authorize the action until 4 February 1993.]

"Global Gunslinger, Global Cops," The New Yorker (11 January 1993), pp. 4, 14.

["...There is a powerful whiff of Wilsonian idealism in the capital at the moment, and it emanates from both the outgoing and incoming Administrations..."]

"Somalia: Playing the US against the UN," The Economist (9 January 1993), p. 36.

[It is already clear that Aideed is attempting try to play the US force against the UN. "Aideed's disruptiveness...and dispatch of thugs...reflect his fear that outsiders will take his wretched fief from him."]

"The Horn of Africa: Recasting the nation state," Africa Confidential vol 3, no 1 (8 January 1993), pp. 4-6.

"Population-Based Mortality Assessment: Baidoa and Afgoi, Somalia, 1992," Journal of the American Medical Association vol 269, no 1 (6 January 1993), pp. 18-19.

"A Call to Disarm," Macleans vol 106, no 1 (4 January 1993), p. 51.

[Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's calls on US soldiers to disarm the feuding warlords.]

"The last days of the Bush Administration: Arms reductions and Military Operations," Foreign Policy Bulletin vol 3 (January/April 1993), pp. 18-56.

"Comment: Before we start shooting," The Progressive (January 1993), pp. 8-9.

[Asks some good questions: (1) Why channel all food shipments through chaotic Mogadishu?; (2) What tactics do the U.S. military have to handle clan warfare?; (3) When will the forces be withdrawn?; (4) How will Americans react when there are some peacekeepers or aid workers killed in Mogadishu; (5) Will the U.S. intervention in Somalia be the pattern for handling such matters in the future?]

"Viewpoints: Operation Restore Hope," World Press Review vol 40, no 1 (January 1993), p. 6.

[Editorial comment on Operation Restore Hope from Nigeria, Kenya, the U.A.E., France, England and Italy.]

"The Horn of Africa: Reconstructing Political Order," Africa Today vol 40, no 2 (1993), pp. 7-27.

[Three articles on the Horn, including one on dispute settlement in Somalia.]

"US Commits Force to Somalia, But For How Long?" Africa Report vol 38 no 1 (January/-February 1993), pp. 3-4, 11.

[The article quotes the warm support given President Bush's Somali initiative from President-elect Clinton, but wonders just how long the operation will last.]

"Somalia: UN Protectorate," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 556 (26 December 1992), pp. 1-2.

"World cop?" The Economist (19 December 1992) pp. 13-14.

"Somalia: Beyond the Pax Americana," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 25 (18 December 1992), pp. 4-7.

[Excellent survey of the political situation in Somalia at the time of the U.S. intervention.]

"Landscape of Death," Time 140 (14 December 1992), pp. 30-33.

"Situation Report: Somalia," Navy Times 42 (14 December 1992), p. 15.

"Mission Somalia: 10th Mountain Leads Way..." Army Times (14 December 1992), pp. 10, 16.

[Despite the press concentration on the exploits of the U.S. Marine expeditionary force in Operation Restore Hope, the Army's 10th Mountain Division was just as importantly involved in the operation.]

"Radical Arabs sharply critical of U.S. intervention in Somalia," Middle East Reporter Weekly no 70 (12 December 1992), p. 8.

"Special Report on Somalia: Relief, Reconciliation, and Reconstruction in Somalia -- Views of Prominent Somalis," (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 8 December 1992) 6 p.

[Fifteen prominent Somalis gather in Washington on 18 November 1992 to provide useful advice for the impending U.S. miliary deployment.]

"Somalia: Out-of-work gunmen," The Economist (5 December 1992), p. 40.

"Somalia: Warlords meet the New World Order," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 24 (4 December 1992), pp. 1-3.

"UNOSOM grows to 4,000 strong: 100-day relief plan for Somalia launched: Famine threatens millions with starvation," UN Chronicle vol 29 no 4 (December 1992), pp. 4-8.

[Reviews the 14 September 1992 statement by Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Jan Eliasson that UN agencies would undertake a 100-day plan to break the famine in Somalia.]

"Somalia: Should Sahnoun Return?" The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 550 (14 November 1992), pp. 1-2.

"The United Nations and Somalia: The squeezing of Sahnoun," The Economist (7 November 1992), p. 50.

"Special Issue on Somalia," Refuge no 12 (November/December 1992), pp. 1-2+.

"Somalia: Humanitarian Diplomacy," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 546 (17 October 1992), pp. 1-2.

"Shady deals," The Economist (17 October 1992), pp. 16-17.

[The need to deal with some shady characters is part of the humanitarian scene.]

"Somalia: A new shadow," The Economist (17 October 1992), pp. 51, 52.

[Reports on the famine that followed the military movements of Aideed's and Morgan's forces across Shabelleland.]

"The Horn of Africa: Dying, and toying with maps," The Economist (10 October 1992), pp. 50-51.

[Refers to secession prospects in Oromo country, Somaliland, Sudan.]

"Somalia: Stepping into a swarm of bees," The Economist (3 October 1992), p. 45.

[Recounts some of the difficulties of relief operations in Somalia. So far this year, 140 UN vehicles have been hijacked.]

"Notes and Comment," The New Yorker (28 September 1992), pp. 27-28.

["There are Somalias-in-waiting throughout Africa and the rest of the Third World -- Mozambique, Sudan, and Afghanistan... Like Somalia a year ago, they are on the verge of a situation that will claim countless lives and cripple their societies for generations to come. If the world learns nothing from Somalia, here will be the famines next time."]

"Somalia: the Politics of Hunger," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 19 (25 September 1992), pp. 3-4.

"Price of charity," The Economist (12 September 1992), p. 42.

[Describes the position of warlord Aideed as the primary "spoiler" in the humanitarian operations in Somalia.]

"Somalia: Mapping out the Conflict," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 540 (5 September 1992), pp. 1-2.

"Starvation and Terror in Somalia," Foreign Policy Bulletin no 3 (September/October 1992), p. 22-31.

[Provides selected UN, US and EC documents on international relief efforts in Somalia. Includes text of UNSCR 767.]

"While UN Fights Itself, Somalis Struggle for Survival," Africa Report vol 37 no 5 (September/October 1992), pp. 5-6, 11.

[Reminds the reader that UN Secretary-General Boutrous-Ghali promised to resolve the Somali problem when he took office in January, with few results so far.]

"An Agenda for Peace," UN Chronicle (September 1992), pp. 2-4.

[Describes the Secretary-General's proposals contained in "Agenda for Peace."]

"Security Council establishes new UN operation in Somalia: Support for 90-day emergency plan asked," UN Chronicle (September 1992), pp. 13-15.

[The Security Council meets on 24 April 1992 and establishes UNOSOM.]

"Saving the people who should not be starving," The Economist (29 August 1992), pp. 35-36.

"Somalia: At Last someone listens," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 17 (28 August 1992), pp. 1-2.

"Fatal neglect: Somalia may be just the first in a series of man-made disasters," New Statesman & Society (21 August 1992), pp. 5-6.

[One of a growing chorus of influential media organs calling for intervention in Somalia.]

"Desperate need, desperate deed: Save Somalia by drowning it in food," and "The map of hunger," The Economist (15 August 1992), pp. 14, 34.

[The first item listed is an editorial.]

"The map of hunger," The Economist (15 August 1992), p. 32.

[Outlines the southern zone of hunger in Somalia.]

"Somalia: Death by looting," The Economist (18 July 1992), p. 43.

"Indifference in Somalia," (Editorial), The Washington Post (19 June 1992).

["...It is an outrage that an appropriate amount of attention has not been made to the dimension of the human tragedy befalling Somalia..."]

"Arms embargo for Somalia imposed, UN team tries for cease-fire," UN Chronicle (June 1992), pp. 22-23.

[Reports on the 15-member international "technical team," led by Robert Gallagher of Canada is to develop a mechanism to ensure the success of the 3 March cease fire signed between Aideed and Ali Mahdi.]

"Aid for the Horn of Africa," Christian Century vol 109, no 18 (20-27 May 1992), p. 537.

[Notes the "dramatic shift in US foreign policy," signified by President Bush's signing of the Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security Act.]

"Somalia: Armed Relief," The Economist (9 May 1992), p. 56.

"Somalia: Time to take Stock," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 8 (17 April 1992), pp. 4-5

"Somalia: Chaos spreads to the north," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 7 (3 April 1992), pp. 1-2.

"In Somalia - a diplomatic debacle?" West Africa (16-22 March 1992), p. 445.

["...Somali-watchers argue that had a consultative mechanism existed in late 1991 when Siad Barre fled, this present tragedy could have been averted..."]

"UN Truce in Somalia, But When Will the Fighting End?" Africa Report (March/April 1992), pp. 8-11.

[Situation in Somalia after the signing of the 14 February 1992 truce at the UN in New York.]

"Somalia: St Valentine's massacres," The Economist (22 February 1992), p. 33.

[More than 25,000 people have been killed or wounded in three months of fighting. No less than 250,000 Mogadishans -- one in eight -- have been forced from their homes.]

"Somalia: Ways to end the slaughter," Africa Confidential vol 33, no 3 (7 February 1992), pp. 5-6.

"Somalia: Pause to bury," The Economist (1 February 1992), p. 44.

"Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt becomes sixth UN Secretary-General," UN Chronicle vol 29 no 1 (March 1992), pp. 2-5.

[Official notice of the arrival of a new UN head. His ambitious program to stimulate the peacemaking activities of the UN was a necessary prerequisite to the chain of events which led to the U.S. deployment in Somalia in December 1992.]

"Somaliland: Fighting in Burao," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 511 (25 January 1992), pp. 1-2.

"Notes and Comment," The New Yorker (6 January 1992), pp. 23-24.

["...If two power-hungry men and their armed supporters want to murder each other, there may not be much that the world can do about it, but in Mogadishu the majority of victims are innocent bystanders, mostly women and children..."]

"Somalia: Fragile agreements," Africa Confidential vol 32, no 21 (25 October 1991), pp. 5-6.

[Describes the prospects for Ethiopian-Eritrean mediation in Mogadishu, a new element.]

"Somalia: Unsettled business," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 493 (14 September 1991), pp. 1/3.

"Somalia: Nasty, brutish, split," The Economist (7 September 1991), p. 42.

["..The streets empty at dusk for fear of teenaged gunmen, under the nominal control of the city's Hawiye overlords..."]

"Somalia: Still fighting," Africa Confidential vol 32, no 16 (9 August 1991), pp 6-7.

"Somalia: Guess who's coming to town," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 487 (13 July 1991), pp. 1/3.

"Somalia: One state or two?" Africa Confidential vol 32, no 12 (14 June 1991), pp. 5-6.

"Somalia: The Hawiye connection," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 478 (11 May 1991), pp. 1/4.

"Somalia: Conoco makes political contacts," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 465 (9 February 1991), pp. 4.

"Somalia: Where do we go from here?" Africa Confidential vol 32, no 3 (8 February 1991), pp. 1-2.

[Provides the first description of the forces present in the post-Siad Barre period. Interesting background to the foundation of the USC in 1984 and splits in the movement that almost immediately followed.]

"Somalia: Power struggle," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 464 (2 February 1991), pp. 1/4.

"Somalia: Tabula rasa," The Economist (2 February 1991), p. 40.

"Somalia: In the throes of agony," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 461 (12 January 1991), pp. 1-2.

["The regime of Siad Barre is dying...A dozen or so airplanes carrying military equipment which Qadhafi promised to send are awaiting takeoff instructions on the runway in Tripoli...The Libyan air force commander is considering an airlift via Khartoum..." Interesting description of the battle for Mogadishu.]

"Somalia: A friend in need," Africa Confidential vol 31, no 24 (7 December 1990), pp. 6-7.

"Djibouti-Somalia: A thin line," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 453 (10 November 1990), p. 1.

"Somalia: The Mayor of Mogadishu," The Economist (29 September 1990), p. 51.

[Reports brutalities by Barre's presidential guard. "All are baffled by Barre's insistence that changes will occur after a nationwide referendum, in a country so much of which is under rebel control that Barre is sometimes called 'the Mayor of Mogadishu'."]

"Somalia: Musical chairs," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 444 (8 September 1990), p. 1.

"Somalia: Manifestly more intricate," The Indian Ocean Newsletter no 435 (16 June 1990), pp. 1/4.

"Somali Government Accused in 50,000 Civilian Deaths," Africa Report vol 35 no 1 (March 19), p. 10.

"Somalia: Siad's grip slackens," Africa Confidential vol 31, no 2 (26 January 1990), pp. 2-4.