Annotated Bibliograpy of Peace Operations Literature

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Diplomacy : Shock therapy, Serbian style." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jun 21, 1995, v47n21, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: The taking of UN peacekeeping forces as hostages by Bosnian Serbs is a deliberate act of terrorism. The Serbian rulers in Pale Bosnia-Hercegovina know that by using terrorism, they have lost the possibility of appealing to international law.

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Diplomacy : Kozyrev advises German friends to weigh the consequences." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press Jul 26, 1995, v47n26, p. 26

ABSTRACT: Russia is concerned about reports of plans to increase the military presence in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Russia advises Germany to consider the consequences of its decision to deploy a military contingent to the UN's rapid-response force.

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Out of favor : Gen. Perelyakin accuses U.N. of harassing Russian peacekeepers." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 23-24

ABSTRACT: Gen Aleksandr Perelyakin, who has been removed from command of the UN peacekeeping forces in Croatia, claims that his dismissal is unfounded and that the UN's decision "pursues political objectives."

Abarinov, Vladimir. "Scandal : Russian general removed from command of peacekeepers in Croatia." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 23

ABSTRACT: The UN has decided to dismiss Major Gen Aleksandr Perelyakin, commander of the East sector of UN forces in Croatia. The decision to remove Perelyakin is a result of an inspection that revealed "disciplinary and morale problems" in the troops subordinate to him.

Abraham, A. S. "Israel's full circle." World Press Review v. 32 (Mar. '85) p. 48

KEY WORDS: Lebanon--Israeli invasions, 1982- .

ABSTRACT: An excerpt from The Times of India reports that Israeli forces departing Lebanon will see the gains made by their June, 1982 incursion reversed. Easy progress extended the original Israeli mission of eliminating Palestinian terrorist bases in Southern Lebanon. Syria, instrumental to any political success in the area, rejected Israeli provisions to the May 1983 accord with Lebanese president Amin Gemayel, thus enabling the country to protect its border. A Western peacekeeping force left when the situation grew too dangerous, and Israel followed after the formation of the Likud-Labor coalition. Galilee will be secure only until the guerrillas reorganize. Israel succeeded in dividing the Palestinian movement between Yasir Arafat and Syrian-backed factions, but Beirut's unrest grows daily and threatens to spread. The task of mending Lebanon now faced by Syria will require more commitment.

Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. "Conflict resolution approaches : Western and Middle Eastern lessons and possibilities." American Journal of Economics & Sociology Jan 1996, v55n1, p. 35-52

ABSTRACT: Conflict resolution processes exist in every society. A comparison between Western and Middle Eastern procedures of dispute resolution processes reveals different assumptions underlining each approach. Two case studies are discussed.

Action. "Bosnian Serbs detain U.N. personnel in leverage action." Radio Program: All Things Considered--NPR Apr 14, 1994, Program n1452, p. --

ABSTRACT: Bosnian-Serb forces have detained about 200 UN personnel in Bosnia in a move believed to be retaliatory for, and preventative against, NATO air strikes. The UN and US have issued warnings.

Adam, Heribert. "Israel and South Africa : Conflict Resolution in Ethnic States." Telos Winter 1989, n82, p. 27-46

ABSTRACT: The similarities of the ethnic conflicts in Israel and South Africa are examined. If Palestine is successful in its attempt to turn Israel into another stone-throwing, street barricaded, closed school, press censored state it would be a moral victory for them.

Adebajo, Adekeye. "The UN's unknown effort." : Africa Report Mar 1995, v40n2, p. 60-63

ABSTRACT: The Western Sahara conflict is on track to be resolved this year when a referendum to decide the issue of integrating the territory with Morocco or becoming independent takes place in October. The three-year-long cease-fire allowed the UN to direct the process to a vote, and it could be one of the UN's few success stories in Africa.

Aga Khan, Sadruddin, Prince "'Operation Salam': to build a future." UN Chronicle v. 27 (June '90) p. 22-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Afghanistan.Relief work--Afghanistan.Economic assistance--Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT: Operation Salam, the UN office charged with coordinating humanitarian and economic assistance to Afghanistan, is preparing to step up its activities. Some of the pledged contributions have yet to be received, but the office is counting on funding of more than $650 million. Agriculture and health will be the focuses of UN activity in Afghanistan in 1990, but progess in these and other sectors will depend on the removal of mines and other unexploded ordnance. Hostilities are now limited to a few isolated zones and have not been a serious impediment to UN efforts in the country as a whole. To underscore the link between peace and humanitarian assistance, the UN plans to recognize several areas and provinces as "zones of tranquility" that will receive more aid.

Akashi, Yasushi. "The limits of UN diplomacy and the future of conflict mediation." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 83-98

ABSTRACT: The UN's involvement in complex conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, has highlighted many of the dilemmas that will continue to challenge UN mediators in the future. It is important to have a clear understanding of the UN's capabilities and for the organization to operate within its bounds.

Akimov, Vladimir.; Soutchanski, Mikhail. "Automata simulation of N-person social dilemma games." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1994, v38n1, p. 138-148

ABSTRACT: In a social dilemma game, the collective behavior of N players is simulated by automata exhibiting cooperative behavior. An investigation of relationships between information received by the automata and the emergence of cooperation in a simulated evolution process is outlined.

Akopova, Yekaterina. "The situation in Tajikistan : Border troops are fighting, collective forces are biding their time." Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press May 10, 1995, v47n15, p. 3-4

ABSTRACT: The CIS's collective peacekeeping forces are in no hurry to interfere in the fighting in the vicinity of the Dashti-Yazgulem Tajikistan border post, which has been going on for more than a day.

Alberts, David S.; Hayes, Richard. "Viewpoint : 'Peace ops' call for new military approach." Aviation Week & Space Technology Nov 13, 1995, v143n20, p. 82

ABSTRACT: The US is increasingly participating in peace operations, and the defense establishment needs to recognize that such operations are becoming increasingly important. Failing to perform these operations effectively could have important consequences.

Albrecht, Kirk. "UNRWA's uneasy future." Middle East May 1995, n246, p. 11

ABSTRACT: The UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has been providing aid to Palestinian refugees for much of 40 years. The organization faces traumatic changes as peace in the Middle East approaches.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Keeping faith with the people of Haiti." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 13, 1995, v6n7, p. 93-94

ABSTRACT: The planned transfer of responsibility to keep the peace in Haiti from the US government to a multinational UN force is discussed, and the text of UN Resolution 975, which formally establishes the framework for this transfer of responsibility, is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "The United States and the United Nations : Confrontation or consensus?" US Department of State Dispatch Feb 6, 1995, v6n6, p. 79-83

ABSTRACT: A vision of US leadership at the UN--one that reflects past lessons, current capabilities, future challenges and enduring principles--is proposed. From the day the US signed the UN Charter, Americans have viewed the UN not as an end in itself, but as one instrument for advancing US goals.

Albright, Madeleine K.; Lake, Anthony.; Clark, Wesley. "The Clinton Administration's policy on reforming multilateral peace operations." US Department of State Dispatch May 16, 1994, v5n20, p. 315-321

ABSTRACT: The future of UN peacekeeping is discussed. Pres Clinton has signed the first comprehensive US policy on multilateral peace operations suited to the post-Cold War era. The text of the executive summary from "The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations" is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Statement at confirmation hearing of US Ambassador to the United Nations." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 12, 1993, v4n15, p. 229-231

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration's nominee for the position of US Ambassador to the UN discusses how she would fulfil her obligations and promote US foreign policy objectives in her position. The UN, Congress and the Clinton Administration must work together to ensure international peace and stability.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 808 on war crimes tribunal." US Department of State Dispatch Mar 22, 1993, v4n12, p. 166-167

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council's Resolution 808 to create a war crimes tribunal is discussed. The tribunal will enforce the Nuremberg principles on dealing with crimes against peace and humanity.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 851 on Angola." US Department of State Dispatch Jul 26, 1993, v4n30, p. 532-533

ABSTRACT: The efforts of the UN to bring about peace in Angola and the need to discourage the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) from interfering in these efforts are discussed, and the text of UN Security Council Resolution 851 that concerns peacemaking endeavors in Angola is presented.

Albright, Madeleine K. "What you need to know about the United Nations : Foreign policy today." Vital Speeches of the Day Jun 1, 1993, v59n16, p. 486-488

ABSTRACT: The UN is on the verge of becoming the institution envisaged by its founders in 1945. The role of the UN in securing peace and promoting democracy through foreign policy is discussed.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a collective security system." US Department of State Dispatch May 10, 1993, v4n19, p. 331-334

ABSTRACT: The conceptual question of collective security throughout the world is discussed, as are ways in which to strengthen collective security initiatives. The UN and the US must work together to preserve or restore peace in the international community.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a consensus on international peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Nov 15, 1993, v4n46, p. 789-792

ABSTRACT: The US' role in international peacekeeping operations is discussed. The elements necessary for a consensus on UN peacekeeping would include realism about expectations and proper reaction to setbacks.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Myths of peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 28, 1993, v4n26, p. 464-467

ABSTRACT: Peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Cambodia and Mozambique, conducted under UN supervision, are discussed, as is recent UN Security Council action on Haiti. Peacekeeping operations have been a struggle but are succeeding, and international sanctions have been imposed against Haiti to encourage a return to democracy.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Keeping faith with the people of Haiti." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 13, 1995, v6n7, p. 93-94

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a collective security system." US Department of State Dispatch May 10, 1993, v4n19, p. 331-334

Albright, Madeleine K. "Building a consensus on international peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Nov 15, 1993, v4n46, p. 789-792 (4 pages)

Albright, Madeleine K. "Myths of peace-keeping." US Department of State Dispatch Jun 28, 1993, v4n26, p. 464-467

Albright, Madeleine K. "The United States and the United Nations : Confrontation or consensus?" Vital Speeches of the Day Apr 1, 1995, v61n12, p. 354-358

ABSTRACT: Madeleine Albright outlines the importance of the US-UN relationship and steps that both can take to ensure world peace. With strong US leadership, the UN can be a formidable force for international law and justice throughout the world.

Albright, Madeleine K. "UN Security Council adopts Resolution 1009 on Croatia." US Department of State Dispatch Aug 21, 1995, v6n34, p. 645-647

ABSTRACT: Discussion of the UN Security Council's Resolution 1009 as an expression of its continued commitment to peace and to the relief of human suffering in the former Yugoslavia is presented. The decision by the goverment of Croatia to launch an offensive against the Krajina region is regretted.

Albright, Madeleine K. "The future of the U.S.-UN relationship." US Department of State Dispatch Jul 25, 1994, v5n30, p. 493-496

ABSTRACT: One of the world's vital relationships is that between the US and the UN. The UN does not run on its own power, and the leadership of the UN is now ever more dependent on the US.

Alden, Chris. "The UN and the resolution of conflict in Mozambique." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1995, v33n1, p. 103-128

ABSTRACT: The Oct 1992 General Peace Agreement ended 17 years of warfare between Renamo guerrillas and the Marxist-Leninist regime in Mozambique, and the country's first democratic elections were held in Oct 1994. The UN's role in resolving the conflict in Mozambique is examined.

Al-Haj, Majid.; Katz, Elihu.; Shye, Samuel. "Arab and Jewish attitudes : Toward a Palestinian state." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 619-632

ABSTRACT: The attitudes of Arabs and Jews in Israel regarding a Palestinian state are discussed. These include their images of such a state, the costs and benefits perceived if a Palestinian state were established and the fears and desires involved.

Alimov, G. "USSR presses gulf peace initiative." Current Digest of the Soviet Press Mar 20, 1991, v43n7, p. 4

ABSTRACT: The USSR envoy in Baghdad Iraq pressed for the Iraqis to comply with UN demands. The USSR envoy was Ye. Primakov. He visited at the request of the Iraqis.

Ali, Salamat. "Race against time." Far Eastern Economic Review Apr 23, 1992, v155n16, p. 12-13

ABSTRACT: Efforts continue to end the Afghan civil war. A majority of interested parties has asked for a 15-member council of neutral Afghans to take over from the Kabul regime under the supervision of the UN.

Allen, Glen. "Under suspicion." Maclean's v. 106 (May 3 '93) p. 28-9

KEY WORDS: Murder.Canada--Armed Forces--Crimes and misdemeanors.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: The noble record of Canadian peacekeeping forces across the world may be tainted by 2 recent suspicious deaths in Somalia. On March 4, a Somali was shot and killed and another was wounded near the Canadian compound in Belet Huen, 260 km north of Mogadishu. On March 16, another Somali was apparently beaten to death while in Canadian custody after he tried to break into the compound. Both incidents involved the Canadian Airborne Regiment, crack paratroopers who form the core of the 4,200-member Special Service Force. Both incidents also have prompted charges by opposition parties that the defense department is covering up. Two teams of Canadian military investigators have been sent to Somali to probe the killings, and the Canadian Forces will not say when reports on the 2 deaths will be finished. Amid the controversy are indications that the Somali tour is exposing the Canadian soldiers to unaccustomed tests and stresses.

Allen, Glen. "Peacekeepers at war." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 4 '91) p. 41

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Canadian participation.Canada--Foreign relations--Middle East.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the start of the ground war in the Persian Gulf. Opinion is divided over whether Canada's participation in the allied coalition, particularly the recent decision to allow Canadian bombers to take an offensive role in the ground war, will compromise its reputation as a peacekeeper. Some analysts, including political scientist Henry Habib of Montreal's Concordia University, contend that the country's reputation will be tarnished by its support of the Gulf War. Habib notes that many people are now lumping Canada with the United States and Britain. Other analysts, however, argue that Canada's reputation as a peacekeeper will not be hurt and that Canada will go on to play a strong peacekeeping role in the Middle East. Canadian external affairs minister Joe Clark recently noted that some of the nearly 1,000 Canadian peacekeeping forces now stationed elsewhere in the region are prepared to supervise an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait.

Allen, Linda.; Cebenoyan, A. Sinan. "Bank acquisitions and ownership structure: theory and evidence." Journal of Banking and Finance v. 15 (Apr. '91) p. 425-48

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Corporate ownership.Bank acquisitions and mergers--Mathematical models.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to both theoretically and empirically consider the joint nature of insider shareholdings, a, and shareholder concentration, c, which are owner-manager conflict resolution mechanisms. A switching of regression regimes model was utilized to solve for critical values of a and c that subdivide the universe of acquiring companies into separate and distinct ownership structure regimes. The results show a significant entrenchment effect for high a, low c firms, and bidder returns are found to be positive for high a, high c firms only. Overall, shareholders can reduce the cost of resolving agency conflicts by choosing the least cost combination of control mechanisms from the selection of methods available. This suggests that insider stake, a, and shareholder concentration, c, are complementary methods to be used jointly by shareholders in the most efficient way to align shareholder and managerial interests.

Alm, Richard. "Move over, Capitol Hill, the action's back home." U.S. News & World Report v. 100 (June 9 '86) p. 22-3

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: State governments.Local government.

ABSTRACT: Domestic policy is increasingly becoming the province of state and local governments rather than of the federal government. Supporters welcome this trend as an opportunity for creativity and a move toward better government. State and local governments are now attracting talented personnel and devising innovative programs. These include northern Oklahoma's use of a traveling city manager to advise far-flung local communities on administration, New York's conflict-resolution centers, Los Angeles's Alternatives to Gang Membership youth education program, and Michigan's introduction of a business ombudsman to advise small businesses on dealing with bureaucracy.

Al-Marayati, Abid A. "Time to re-examine US policy in the gulf." Peacekeeping & International Relations Mar 1995, v24n2, p. 17-18

ABSTRACT: Changing conditions in the Persian Gulf demand that the US change its foreign policy. US dependence on oil imports will mean that it will have to deal with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

Alpert, Arnie. "War and peace in the White Mountains." The Progressive v. 53 (Mar. '89) p. 13-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Military maneuvers.Peace movement.

ABSTRACT: New Hampshire peace activists mounted a peacemaking initiative and educational campaign in response to a U.S. Army training exercise in the White Mountains last fall. The Army's Firestorm '88 exercise involved 200 soldiers who were dropped into the mountains by helicopter or parachute to play the part of guerrillas and 120 troops who played the part of local civilians. The mock civilians were trained in the techniques of counterinsurgency by 150 Green Berets. A number of peace groups responded with what they called the White Mountain Peacemaking Initiative. The activists notified the Army of their intention to host a negotiating session to resolve the conflict peacefully. Although the Army's plans did not entail peace negotiations, the activists went ahead with the conference, where they explained the Initiative to reporters. They also linked the Firestorm '88 exercise to the U.S. military's plans for intervention in Third World insurgencies.

Altschiller, Donald. The United Nations' role in world affairs. New York : H.W. Wilson, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

CONTENTS:Rethinking international governance / Harlan Cleveland -- United Nations peacekeeping forces -- The U.N. in a new world order / Bruce Russett and James S. Sutterlin -- Whose collective security -- Edward C. Luck and Toby Trister Gati -- Peacekeeping in the new Europe / James E. Goodby / Reforming the United Nations / Gene M. Lyons -- The fluctuating fortunes of the U.N. international civil service / Robert S. Jordan -- Can the U.N. stretch to fit its future / Tad Daley -- U.N. dues: the price of peace / Enid C. B. Schoettle -- The limits to sovereignty / Brian Urquhart -- U.N. peacekeeping efforts to promote security and stability / John R. Bolton -- U.N. repeals Zionism-is-racism resolution / Lawrence Eagleburger -- U.N. role in establishing a new world order / Li Luye -- Japan, the United Nations, and human rights / John M. Peek -- A view from Russia / A. Portansky -- The U.N.: impact grows, coverage lags / Michael J. Berlin -- Polls rate the U.N. -- Closing time for the U.N. / Brian Crozier.

Is the United Nations useful / Ernest van den Haag -- Why the right loves the U.N. / Ian Williams -- Double standard for human rights / Mia Taylor Valdes -- The United Nations and its critics / Bhaskar P. Menon.

Altschiller, Donald. The United Nations' role in world affairs. New York : H.W. Wilson, 1993.

SUBJECTS:United Nations. International relations.

Amer, Ramses. "The United Nations' peacekeeping operation in Cambodia : Overview and assessment." Contemporary Southeast Asia Sep 1993, v15n2, p. 211-231

ABSTRACT: An overview and assessment of the UN's peacekeeping operation in Cambodia is provided. The UN failed to create a truly politically neutral climate ahead of the elections.

Amer, Ramses. "The United Nations' reactions to foreign military interventions." Journal of Peace Research Nov 1994, v31n4, p. 425-444

ABSTRACT: A study investigated how the UN has reacted to foreign military interventions. UN reactions in seven different cases were not consistent.

Anderson, Harry. "Getting some respect." Newsweek v. 112 (Aug. 8 '88) p. 36-7

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations, which has been widely perceived in the United States as little more than a mouthpiece for the Third World, has recently improved its image by negotiating tentative peace settlements in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf and by working toward settlements in Cyprus, Cambodia, Namibia, and the western Sahara. To fund its peace-keeping missions, however, the UN will require payment on the overdue debts of member nations. The United States, which is assessed for the largest share of the UN's general budget, also owes the most money--$626 million. Congress has limited U.S. contributions until the UN has reduced its staff, given major contributors greater say over its budget, and made it more difficult for the Soviet Union to rotate spies through assignments at UN headquarters. Even critics of the UN acknowledge that its efforts to negotiate peace settlements are useful in that they give nations that want to end conflicts a way to save face.

Anderson, Harry. "'More deadly than poison'." Newsweek v. 112 (Aug. 1 '88) p. 28-31

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Iran has accepted a United Nations plan for an immediate cease-fire in its eight-year-old war with Iraq. Although Iraqi president Saddam Hussein responded with military advances, many diplomats believe that pressure from abroad will induce him to comply with the process. Long-standing disputes could forestall an actual peace treaty, but the cease-fire and preoccupation with domestic reconstruction could end the fighting for some time. The war has crippled much of Iran's industry and depleted the morale of its people. A four-month assault on the Iraqi city of Basra in 1987 seemed to sap the zeal of Iran's army, and fears were stirred by an Iraqi chemical warfare attack and the U.S. Navy's recent accidental downing of an Iranian civilian aircraft. Even if the Gulf war is finally ended, it has set a dangerous precedent with the introduction of chemical weapons and missiles as decisive elements.

Anderson, Harry.; Underwood, Anne.; Cullen, Robert B. "Getting Some Respect." Newsweek Aug 8, 1988, v112n6, p. 36-37

ABSTRACT: Successful peace negotiations by the UN have earned the organization newfound respect. However, the Us and other countries are behind in their financial obligations to the UN.

Anderson, Richard E. "HRD's role in concurrent engineering." Training and Development (Alexandria, Va.) v. 47 (June '93) p. 49-54

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Organizational change--Personnel management.Team work in industry. Concurrent engineering.Employee training--Aims and objectives.

ABSTRACT: Human resource (HR) professionals can help overcome cultural barriers to concurrent engineering and gain employees' commitment to it. Concurrent engineering, an approach to product development in which engineers work on design and manufacturability at the same time, is designed to reduce time-to-market while improving quality. In this approach, manufacturing engineers work with designers as a team to collaborate on a product's components and specifications, but getting them to work together effectively is not always easy. HR development can help teams cope with and resolve diversity-related issues through organization process, which involves team and team-leader skills, executive skills, project management, problem solving, conflict resolution, facilitation, change management, transitional management, career coaching, and the presentation of business-information briefings. Several firms that have implemented concurrent engineering are discussed.

Anderson, Sharon. "Churches to consider the formation of peacemaking teams." Christianity Today v. 30 (Feb. 7 '86) p. 61+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Religion and peace.Mennonites.

ABSTRACT: In an effort to extend their traditional commitment to peace and nonviolence, the Mennonite and Brethren in Christ churches are pondering a role as global peacemakers. A proposal made in 1984 during the Mennonite World Conference in Strasbourg, France, calls for the training of between 100 and 200 volunteers who would promote an atmosphere of peace in strife-torn areas while maintaining political neutrality. The intervention could take the form of mediation and reconcilation, or education. The proposal will be taken up later this year at the meeting of a council representing the Mennonite Brethren, the General Conference Mennonite church, the Mennonite church, and the Brethren in Christ church.

Anderton, Charles H. "Arms race modeling." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1989, v33n2, p. 346-367

ABSTRACT: Methodological problems associated with Lewis F. Richardson's arms race models are discussed, and suggestions on where the arms race modeling enterprise should be heading are offered. Arms race modeling began with Richardson's work prior to the outbreak of WWII.

Andrew, Arthur. "Peacekeeping and Peacemaking." Canadian Forum Nov 1992, v71n814, p. 4-5

ABSTRACT: Traditional ideas of peacekeeping may never settle anything in the Balkans. Although Canada has committed to sending still more soldiers there, government officials should ask the UN to make their objectives clear.

Angelo, Bonnie. "Challenge for the New Boss." Time Feb 3, 1992, v139n5, p. 28-30

ABSTRACT: The end of the Cold War has brought a boom in opportunities for peacekeeping. Now, Egypt's Boutros Boutros-Ghali must reform the swollen bureaucracy of the UN to give it the shake-up the organization badly needs.

Angelo, Bonnie. "A man for all nations." Time v. 138 (Dec. 2 '91) p. 28

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.--Secretary-General.

ABSTRACT: Boutros Boutros Ghali is the first African to be appointed UN secretary-general. The election of the Egyptian diplomat marked a victory for the UN's African bloc. Boutros Ghali brings strong qualifications to the world forum's helm. The Egyptian deputy prime minister is an expert in international law and has a record filled with degrees, decorations, and scholarly writings in 3 languages. He helped negotiate the Camp David peace process, and he was involved in the mediation of many quarrels among African countries.

Anglin, Douglas K. "The life and death of South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force." Journal of Modern African Studies Mar 1995, v33n1, p. 21-52

ABSTRACT: South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force (NPKF) was intended to meet anticipated security challenges in the run-up to the nation's first democratic elections in Dec 1994. The genesis and evolution of the NPKF, its character, composition, and cohesion, and the causes and consequences of its fateful deployment in the volatile East Rand are examined.

Apple, R. W. (Raymond Walter) "Policing a global village: as peacekeeping falters in Somalia, foes of the U.S. effort in Haiti are emboldened." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 13 '93) p. A1+

KEY WORDS: Haiti--Politics and government.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Haiti.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: Emboldened by the recent faltering of U.S. peacekeeping efforts in Somalia, a small gang of toughs, protected by Haitian police, demonstrated on the streets of Port-au-Prince, threatening to create "another Somalia" to keep U.S. troops and others from landing to help oversee a transition to democratic government. The United Nations plan for stabilizing Haiti has been undermined by the incident, so economic sanctions will be tried again.

Aquila, August J.; Koltin, Allan D. "How to Lose Clients Without Really Trying." Journal of Accountancy May 1992, v173n5, p. 67-70

ABSTRACT: CPA firms should worry about retaining their clients. The number of competitors has multiplied, and clients are more sophisticated and demand higher levels of quality service each year. Conflict resolution, prompt return of phone calls and creative business ideas are part of quality service.

Aquino, Karl.; Steisel, Victoria.; Kay, Avi. "The effects of resource distribution, voice, and decision framing on the provision of public goods." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1992, v36n4, p. 665-687

ABSTRACT: The effects of resource distribution, voice and decision framing on cooperative behavior in a social dilemma were examined in a study. The results supported the idea that inequality leads to decreased cooperation, but no support was provided for the effects of framing and voice.

Arad, Sharon.; Carnevale, Peter J. "Partisanship effects in judgments of fairness and trust in third parties in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1994, v38n3, p. 423-451

ABSTRACT: A study tested the hypothesis that partisanship influences judgments of fairness and trustworthiness in the mediation of social conflict in Jerusalem. The results indicate practical problems in mediation where the third party may need the trust not only of the disputing parties, but also the trust of nonpartisan others.

Arbess, Daniel.; Epstein, William "Disarmament role for the United Nations?." The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists v. 41 (May '85) p. 26-8

KEY WORDS: United Nations.Disarmament.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations seems irrelevant to some of the major issues facing the world today, partly because flaws in its structure prevent decisive action without the consent of all five Great Powers. Early conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union prevented agreement about the creation of international peacekeeping forces, so the UN has had to rely on ad hoc troops with no enforcement power. Suspicion and distrust between the superpowers has limited their ability to negotiate both bilaterally and multilaterally. The clearest example of this is U.S. opposition to comprehensive test ban resolutions, supported by nearly every other nation. "Cautious hope" is offered by the superpowers' interest in eventually abolishing nuclear weapons; the United Nations offers a multilateral forum for the resolution of political problems and a decreased reliance on weapons in international relations. Progress toward disarmament requires multilateral participation.

Arce M, Daniel G. "Stability criteria for social norms with applications to the prisoner's dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1994, v38n4, p. 749-765

ABSTRACT: Four criteria for characterizing social norms in both cooperative and noncooperative games are discussed. When applied to the three-player prisoner's dilemma game, these criteria illustrate that Nash and strong Nash equilibrium behavior do not rule out the possibility of unilateral defection as a social norm.

Archibugi, Daniele. "The reform of the UN and cosmopolitan democracy : A critical review." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1993, v30n3, p. 301-315

ABSTRACT: Various proposals on reforming the structure and purpose of the UN are assessed. A proposal based on "cosmopolitan democracy" is also advanced.

Archibugi, Daniele. "The reform of the UN and cosmopolitan democracy : A critical review." Journal of Peace Research Aug 1993, v30n3, p. 301-315

ABSTRACT: Various proposals on reforming the structure and purpose of the UN are assessed. A proposal based on "cosmopolitan democracy" is also advanced.

Arian, Asher. "A people apart : Coping with national security problems in Israel." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1989, v33n4, p. 605-631

ABSTRACT: The mechanisms employed for dealing with two attitude clusters are examined. Three mechanisms are shown to dominate: perceived success, denial and a belief system identified as the People Apart Syndrome.

Armstrong, Charles L. "From futility to insanity--A brief overview of United Nations failures." Marine Corps Gazette Sep 1994, v78n9, p. 46-48

ABSTRACT: Apart from US-led initiatives, the overall record of UN undertakings has been one of failure. The USMC and other US units must learn from the lessons of failure in Somalia and elsewhere.

Aron, Leon and Kenneth M. Jensen. The emergence of Russian foreign policy. Washington, D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:National security--Russia (Federation)--Forecasting. Russia (Federation)--Foreign relations--Forecasting. Russia (Federation)--Defenses--Forecasting.

CONTENTS:The emergent priorities of Russian foreign policy / L. Aron -- Tradition, ideology, and pragmetism in the formation of Russian foreign policy / M. Malia -- The legacy of Soviet policymaking in creating a new Russia / C.H. Fairbanks, Jr. -- Institutional mechanisms of Russian foreign policy / M.E. Bezrukov -- Russians outside Russia and Russian security policy / E. Teague -- Russian statehood, the CIS, and the problem of security / I. Kliamkin -- Russia in a peacekeeping role / S.L. Clark -- Russian-U.S. relations on the Pacific: missing links / V. Ivanov -- Russian-American strategic relations

current trends and future opportunities / A.V. Kortunov -- On Western perceptions of the new Russian national security doctrine / E.S. Volk

Ashdown, Paddy. "Hang on in there." New Statesman & Society Feb 4, 1994, v7n288, p. 17

ABSTRACT: There is growing pressure on the UN to abandon its humanitarian mission in Bosnia. To do so would be disastrous for both the Bosnians and the West.

Askari, Hossein. "Restoring the Gulf's health." U.S. News & World Report v. 110 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 60-1

KEY WORDS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Reconstruction.

ABSTRACT: The Persian Gulf will achieve stability only if the sober economic realities of the region are addressed. A staggering $300 billion will be needed over the next decade to return the area to health. The world's large industrialized nations and member nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council must help bear the costs of reconstructing Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran, which is still suffering the effects of its war with Iraq; supporting peacekeeping forces; and helping the have-not nations of the Middle East. If these huge outlays are not made, the region could again become ensnared in conflict. Gulf countries must coordinate their oil production policies and establish workable quotas, and the United States should try to resume relations with Iran. Compassion and generosity should be shown toward the vanquished countries of the Gulf so that impoverishment will not breed resentment and lead to even bigger wars.

Asker, James R. "Washington outlook." Aviation Week & Space Technology Nov 27, 1995, v143n22, p. 19

ABSTRACT: Goings-on in Washington DC concerning the aviation industry in Nov 1995 are discussed, including the expected appointment of Gen Joe Ralston as vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Astorino-Courtois, Allison. "The cognitive structure of decision making and the course of Arab-Israeli relations, 1970-1978." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 419-438

ABSTRACT: A study examines the structural components of Arab and Israeli decision makers' beliefs about foreign affairs and their effect on regional relations. The results show a systematic positive relationship between the complexity of leaders' cognitions and the cooperativeness of their foreign policy behaviors.

Aspinwall, Richard. "Conflicting objectives of financial regulation." Challenge (Armonk, N.Y.) v. 36 (Nov./Dec. '93) p. 53-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.Financial institutions--Laws and regulations.

ABSTRACT: Because the objectives of financial regulation--safety and soundness, competitiveness, fair treatment, disclosure, resource allocations, avoidance of abuses, and monetary management--often conflict, a means for explicit and open conflict resolution with elements of regulatory activity is needed. While the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 was designed to increase bank regulatory accountability, the act did not address resolution among conflicting objectives. In addition, failure to address conflict resolution is a common feature of proposals for consolidating functions of bank regulatory agencies and the agencies themselves. Any changes in the organization of financial regulation must reinforce clearly the need for more public disclosure of how conflicting regulatory objectives are reconciled. Moreover, new proposals for change in regulatory agencies should be tested for their capacity to improve conflict resolution.

Atkins, Norman, reviewer. "<Amerika (television program review)>." Rolling Stone (Feb. 12 '87) p. 29-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Television program reviews--Single works.

ABSTRACT: The story behind ABC's miniseries Amerika would make a better movie than the dopey epic that has reached the screen. ABC Entertainment president Brandon Stoddard, known as the "father of the miniseries," got the basic idea for Amerika's Soviet invasion of the United States from a column by former Nixon speech writer Ben Stein. Once it was launched, the project immediately drew heated criticism both from the Soviets, who threatened to retaliate against ABC, and from the United Nations, whose peace-keeping troops are characterized in the film as a Soviet tool. At first director Donald Wrye thought that the film was "Russki-bashing," but he now considers it a meditation on the meaning of freedom. Newsweek critic Harry F. Waters's characterization of the work as "Nazi-bondage porn" is probably closer to the mark. Amerika is merely a snazzy update of the Defense Department's 1950s propaganda film Red Nightmare..

Atkins, Norman. "Better red than dud." Rolling Stone (Feb. 12 '87) p. 29-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.Television and politics.Soviet Union in television.

Auster, Bruce B. "Another hollow Army? As the U.S. military shrinks, it finds its responsibilities growing." U.S. News & World Report v. 115 (Nov. 15 '93) p. 50

KEY WORDS: United States.--Army--Appropriations and expenditures.

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force concede that they cannot conduct peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Somalia, and Haiti and also win 2 Desert Storm-size wars at about the same time. Unless it receives a larger share of the federal budget, which is unlikely, the Pentagon will have to eliminate its 2-war strategy, scale back or abandon peacekeeping missions, or continue to cut back on training and readiness. As the Army's force is reduced from 12 divisions to 10 by 1999, the reservoir of soldiers available to fight 2 major wars, each requiring about 5 divisions, will decline. Even now, the army is maintaining only a handful of units at peak levels and is undermanned by 15,000 troops. Unfortunately, the rear guard effort to stave off more cuts will probably fail, as the Defense Department will need to trim at least $25 billion--and probably much more--from its budget.

Auster, Bruce B. "An 'America first' defense program." US News & World Report Feb 27, 1995, v118n8, p. 61

ABSTRACT: Cloaked in pro-defense promises, the Republicans defense legislation offers a neoisolationist vision of an America aloof from unpleasantries abroad. The legislation calls for a reduction in the amount spent on UN peacekeeping missions.

Auster, Bruce B. "A farewell to distant shores." US News & World Report Mar 13, 1995, v118n10, p. 6-7

ABSTRACT: The withdrawal of UN peacekeepers from Somalia, which was supervised in part by US forces, is discussed, as is the uncertain role US armed forces will assume in the post-Cold War world. It appears that the US is moving towards a policy of isolationism.

Auster, Bruce B. "Lost in the Balkans." US News & World Report Jun 12, 1995, v118n23, p. 34-38

ABSTRACT: Issues related to US foreign policy in Bosnia, the history of ethnic conflict in the Balkans, the wider stakes for the US and its allies and whether there is any hope for peace in the region are examined. The West will either fight in the Balkans, flee or muddle along after the current crisis is defused.

Auster, Bruce B. "Heading over there?" US News & World Report Dec 19, 1994, v117n24, p. 40-43

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration has promised to send troops into the Bosnian conflict rather than risk further dividing NATO. Pres Clinton's different options for achieving peace in the Balkans are discussed.

Auster, Bruce B. "Lessons in killing and kindness." US News & World Report Oct 3, 1994, v117n13, p. 18

ABSTRACT: In Haiti, US soldiers are hoping that they can teach the Haitian military that order can be kept without bullets or batons. During 1993 300 US soldiers traveled to 12 different nations to teach Latin American forces these techniques.

Awanohara, Susumu. "Killing Time." Far Eastern Economic Review Sep 13, 1990, v149n37, p. 8-9

ABSTRACT: After eight months of often directionless negotiations, the UN Security Council on Aug 28, 1990 agreed on the framework for a comprehensive peace settlement in Cambodia. Warring Khmer factions are maintaining diverging lines on the formation of an interim regime.

Axworthy, Lloyd. "Forging the forces into peace police." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jan 1993, v22n1, p. 11

ABSTRACT: The conflict in former Yugoslavia has demonstrated the need for a new, different kind of security regime for Europe. Canada's peacekeeping role in Europe is discussed.

Ayres, Ed. "Giving the U.N. financial muscle." World Watch May 1995, v8n3, p. 7

ABSTRACT: The Global Commission to Fund the UN has formed with the aim of giving the UN new strength in an era when the strength of individual nations is declining. The new Commission will try to turn the UN from a supplicant that has to plead for funds into a global nerve center that provides valued services for fees.

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Babbitt, John S. "1995 marks the 50th anniversary of the United Nations." Stamps Jul 22, 1995, v252n4, p. 1, 5

ABSTRACT: The UN, whose goals are to secure peace and human dignity throughout the world, was established in 1945. It still remains a powerful organization, and to commemorate its anniversary a new stamp will be released which can be added to collections of other UN commemorative stamps.

Babson, Jennifer. "House approves crime funds, rejects peacekeeping cuts." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report Jul 2, 1994, v52n26, p. 1809-1810

ABSTRACT: The House passed a $27.2 billion spending bill on Jun 28, 1994 that would fund the new anti-crime initiatives and defeated a move to cut US spending for international peacekeeping. The fiscal 1995 spending bill is discussed.

Bacevich, A J. "The use of force in our time." The use of force in our time.

ABSTRACT: The US' victory in the Persian Gulf War seemed to be a resounding confirmation of conventional US military thought. Yet to cope with a world in which terrorists and warlords pose as great a challenge as massed armies, a radical revision of military thinking is essential.

Bacevich, A J. "Fear of heights." National Review Dec 31, 1994, v46n25, p. 53, 68

ABSTRACT: The US should deploy peacekeeping troops to the Golan Heights only if the peace is real and the mission modest. Few doubt the US will play some kind of role if the cuurent Israeli-Syrian negotiations succeed.

Bajpai, Kanti P., Harish C. Shukul. Interpreting world politics : essays for A.P. Rana. New Delhi ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, c1995.

SUBJECTS:World politics--1945- International relations.

CONTENTS:Introduction: International Theory, International Society, Regional Politics, and Foreign Policy / Kanti P. Bajpai -- 1. International Relations: Anglo-American Aspects - A Study in Parochialism / A. J. R. Groom -- 2. System or Society? / Alan James -- 3. On Understanding Politics / Louis J. Halle -- 4. The Prospects for a More Integrated International Society / Adam Watson -- 5. The International Nuclear Regime and the Near-Nuclear Countries / P. R. Chari -- 6. The United Nations in a New World Order / Ramesh Thakur -- 7. Before Non-Alignment / A. K. Damodaran -- 8. Reforming the Sovereign State System: A Non-Aligned Perspective / M. S. Rajan -- 9. From Domination to Non-Domination: Towards a New Geopolitics / Geoffrey Parker -- 10. Constructing a 'Community of States and Peoples': Ideological and Theoretical Foundations of the Post-Cold War Euro-Atlantic Order / K. J. Holsti -- 11. States and Firms: Two New Dimensions of Diplomacy / Susan Strange --

12. The Global Media System and International Relations / Elizabeth C. Hanson -- 13. On the Meaning of Democracy in the Third World / Robert L. Rothstein -- 14. Images of Peace and War in South Asia / Stephen Philip Cohen -- 15. West Asia in a Changing Regional and International Environment / K. R. Singh -- 16. The Struggle for Mastery Over Space in Southern Africa / Rajen Harshe -- 17. Democracy and Decentralisation in a New South Asian Order / Anirudha Gupta -- 18. Security, Ethnicity, and Conflict in South Asia: A Study of Two Cases / Rakhahari Chatterji -- 19. Discord and Cooperation in India-Pakistan Relations / Sumit Ganguly.

Baker, James A., III. "FY 1993 budget: meeting new foreign policy challenges." US Department of State Dispatch v. 3 (Mar. 9 '92) p. 190-1

KEY WORDS: United States.--Dept. of State--Appropriations and expenditures.Economic assistance, American.

ABSTRACT: In a statement before a subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, U.S. secretary of state James A. Baker III presents the State Department's fiscal year 1993 budget. In requesting $4.4 billion for the department and $1.5 billion for related international agencies, he asserts that the lean but flexible budget seeks to take advantage of the opportunity presented by the end of the cold war. He notes that the budget's 2 most important initiatives--aid to the former Soviet Union and support for international peacekeeping--support the department's vision of a future characterized by a growing democratic community and the increasing use of collective engagement in foreign policy. He describes key elements of the budget: peacekeeping, international organizations, the foreign buildings program, salaries and expenses, new posts, investing in diplomacy, a regional passport processing center, modernizing the financial management system, and public diplomacy.

Baker, James A., III. "Violent crisis in Yugoslavia." US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Sept. 30 '91) p. 723-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN Security Council, Secretary of State James A. Baker III discusses Yugoslavia's civil war. He denounces the government of Serbia and the Yugoslavian federal military for pursuing a violent course, and he urges all parties to stop fighting and resolve their problems through peaceful negotiation. He says that the United States, the European Community (EC), and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) have stated that the use of force to solve political differences or to change external or internal borders in Yugoslavia is not acceptable. He announces America's support for EC and CSCE efforts to bring about a cease-fire, send observers, convene a peace conference, and create an arbitration commission for the peaceful resolution of disputes in Yugoslavia.

Baker, James. "A Pause for Peace in the Persian Gulf." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 3, 1990, v1n14, p. 299-301

ABSTRACT: The UN Security Council authorized the use of all necessary means, including the use of force, if Iraq does not agree to terms of peace in the Persian Gulf crisis. Attempts at peace negotiations are discussed.

Baker, James. "Gulf Crisis : At a Crossroads." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 3, 1990, v1n14, p. 297-298

ABSTRACT: The passing of the UN Security Council Resolution 677, a pause for peace, sent a message to Saddam Hussein that the US is continuing to seek a diplomatic solution to the Persian Gulf crisis. The resolution is discussed.

Baker, James A III. "Cambodia Conference Intervention." US Department of State Dispatch Oct 28, 1991, v2n43, p. 791-792

ABSTRACT: The UN's two year effort has led to the successful completion of a comprehensive political settlement agreement to bring peace to Cambodia. The agreement and the future of Cambodia are discussed.

Baker, James.; Mulroney, Brian. "Canada Supports Desert Shield Coalition." US Department of State Dispatch Jan 21, 1991, v2n3, p. 42

ABSTRACT: Canada fully supports UN Resolution 678 and will stand with the UN in implementing its resolutions calling on Iraq to get out of Kuwait. The coalition and efforts to restore peace before the Jan 15, 1991 deadline are discussed.

Baker, James A III.; Levy, David.; Shara, Farouk. "Two-Track Approach Toward Peace in the Middle East." US Department of State Dispatch Mar 18, 1991, v2n11, p. 181-187

ABSTRACT: The peace process for the Persian Gulf crisis is discussed. The US intends to be very vigorous in attempting to use whatever influence and good offices it might have to pursue a comprehensive settlement based on UN resolutions.

Barnes, Fred. "The Peace Powers Act." Weekly Standard Oct 23, 1995, v1n6, p. 16-17

ABSTRACT: The congressional GOP leadership responsed in a largely favorable way to the Clinton Administration's overtures on a Bosnia peacekeeping deployment. The White House must now make its case effectively in October hearings.

Barnes, John. "Truce in troubled waters?." U.S. News & World Report v. 105 (Aug. 1 '88) p. 28-30

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: On July 18, Iran accepted unconditionally a United Nations cease-fire resolution. Western and Arab diplomats cite physical and economic exhaustion as the reason for Iran's new willingness to compromise. U.S. officials believe that American policy in the Persian Gulf was also a factor. According to Iranian leader Hashemi Rafsanjani, the downing of Iran Air Flight 655 by the USS Vincennes was the turning point in the decision to accept the proposal for peace. The UN has dispatched a team of European law professors to Tehran and Baghdad to check on prisoners of war, and truce-monitoring teams will soon follow.

Barrett, Cindy. "Taking on the Soviets." Maclean's v. 98 (Nov. 25 '85) p. 18

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Canada.United Nations--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's appointment of New Democrat Stephen Lewis as Canada's ambassador to the United Nations raised doubts among conservatives, but they have so far proven unfounded. That conclusion was reinforced last week when Lewis spearheaded a drive at the UN to condemn the Soviet Union's continued involvement in Afghanistan. The vote passed by a margin of 122 to 19. Lewis denounced the Soviet occupation in strong terms, citing the deaths of about 1 million people during the six-year-old war in Afghanistan. Lewis rejects the notion that left-wing politics entails support for Eastern Bloc practices and policies. He has also been critical of efforts in the United States to cut back on UN funding. Lewis's ambassadorial skills have been noticed by other representatives.

Barrett, Jerome T. "The FMCS contribution to nonlabor dispute resolution." Monthly Labor Review v. 108 (Aug. '85) p. 31-4

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United States.--Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service.

ABSTRACT: Over the last two decades, the U.S. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) has pioneered the expansion of mediation into nonlabor disputes. The FMCS specializes in mediation, which combines the best facets of litigation, arbitration, and negotiation, using an objective third party but allowing the participants to come to their own decisions. Despite the limitation of the agency's legislative authority over private-sector labor-management relations, the FMCS expanded its scope as public employee unionism grew in the 1960s. Beginning in 1973 under director William Usery, the FMCS helped resolve the Hopi-Navajo dispute and set up the Home Owners' Warranty program. The agency became involved in age discrimination cases in 1977 under director Wayne Horvitz. Although budget cuts forced the service to stop its nonlabor work, FMCS field mediators continue to help spread this effective, low-cost approach to conflict resolution.

Barricklow, Denise. "Champions of peace : UN Volunteers in Cambodia." Choices: The Human Development Magazine Jun 1994, v3n2, p. 10-11

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, UN Volunteers are helping to protect human rights, organize democratic elections, conduct census surveys or assist in demobilization in trouble spots all over the world. The success of the program's biggest peacekeeping effort--the setting up and supervising of that country's first democratic elections in decades--is detailed.

Barricklow, Denise. "Champions of peace : UN Volunteers in Cambodia." Choices: The Human Development Magazine Jun 1994, v3n2, p. 10-11

Barry, John.; Cohn, Bob. "Starting the hard sell." Newsweek Oct 30, 1995, v126n18, p. 56

ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton is begin to push his plan for US and NATO troops in Bosnia. While the Republicans are less than receptive of this course of action, many Congress-watchers think that the GOP will eventually come around--or at least not try to tie Clinton's hands.

Barry, Michele.; Molyneux, Malcolm. "Ethical dilemmas in malaria drug and vaccine trials : A bioethical perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics Dec 1992, v18n4, p. 189-192

ABSTRACT: A debate raises questions concerning the conduct of trans-cultural clinical malaria research. Potential conflicting priorities between investigators are discussed and ideas regarding conflict resolution are offered.

Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. "The Arab-Israeli conflict : Learning conflict resolution." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1994, v31n1, p. 75-92

ABSTRACT: It is argued that a protracted conflict lingering over time with violent hostilities, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict, cannot be resolved without a prerequisite prolonged and successful conflict management.

Bar-Tal, Daniel.; Jacobson, Dan.; Freund, Tali. "Security feelings among Jewish settlers in the occupied territories." Journal of Conflict Resolution Jun 1995, v39n2, p. 353-377

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to assess the effect of living in a communal settlement in Israel's occupied territories on residents' general feelings of insecurity and related variables. Results indicate that living in a settlement had little effect on insecurity feelings and most other dependent variables.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. "This is the new world order?." Newsweek v. 119 (Apr. 6 '92) p. 36

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: A UN delegation recently visited Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, to find ways to monitor a fragile cease-fire there and to concoct a plan for delivering emergency food to a land torn by rival warlords and gangs. The country is being torn into ever smaller fragments, and an estimated 4.5 million Somalis urgently need food. The worst bloodshed has been in Mogadishu, where interim president Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid have been fighting since November. Shortly after the UN team's arrival there, bandits shot and killed the Somali driver of a UN-hired vehicle. Many Somalis, starving or caught in the cross fire, are hoping that the UN can help their country, but major military intervention on the scale of Cambodia or Yugoslavia is unlikely. Washington funds 30 percent of UN peacekeeping operations, and America's current political climate hardly encourages more spending on faraway lands.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. "This is the new world order?." Newsweek v. 119 (Apr. 6 '92) p. 36

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

Baskerville, Dawn M. "How do you manage conflict?." Black Enterprise v. 23 (May '93) p. 62-6

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict management.

ABSTRACT: Effective conflict resolution is an essential skill for any successful business manager. While unmanaged and unresolved conflict can lead to trouble, constructive disagreement can be a healthy and creative exercise for growth. A quiz and descriptions covering 5 conflict management styles, excerpted from Bil and Cher Holton's The Manager's Short Course: A Complete Course in Leadership Skills for the First-Time Manager, are presented.

Bass, Gary J. "Courting disaster." The New Republic v. 209 (Sept. 6 '93) p. 12-14

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Yugoslavia.United Nations.--Security Council (Meetings: 1993)War crime trials.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Atrocities.Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations (UN) Security Council voted in February to establish a war crimes tribunal for atrocities committed during the war in the former Yugoslavia, but this endeavor could become bogged down in the UN bureaucracy. Political maneuvering has plagued efforts to appoint a prosecutor, and there has been a lack of interest among member states to nominate judges. Moreover, even if the UN manages to convene a worthy tribunal, the body will suffer from a nearly total lack of authority to punish. Serbia, the most blood-stained offender, is unlikely to settle any Balkan peace treaty without protection from prosecution. Nevertheless, a tribunal could still do some good: Some prosecutions would be relatively easy, and low-level convictions should lead to higher ones, creating a deterrent to future bloodbaths.

Bateman, Robert L. "The Peace Brigade--A hybrid unit for real-world missions." Army Dec 1995, v45n12, p. 8-12

ABSTRACT: The first-place winner of the "Army" magazine essay contest is offered. Bateman proposes a hybrid force based on a light infantry brigade but including considerable mechanized firepower for peacekeeping and similar missions.

Bauerlein, Monika. "The second coming of the United Nations." Utne Reader (Mar./Apr. '90) p. 34+

KEY WORDS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: As old power structures crumble all over the world, the United Nations has made a remarkable comeback in the areas of peacekeeping and security. The agency's attempts to regulate international trade, promote social justice, and protect the environment may continue to be greeted with skepticism and resistance by world leaders, however. If it is to deal effectively with these increasingly important issues, the United Nations must overcome public ignorance and consider reforming its structure. Articles in the March 29, 1989, issue of In These Times; the March/April 1989 issue of the Churchman's Human Quest; the December 29, 1986, issue of New Options; the February 20, 1989, issue of the Nation; and World Watch discuss the challenges facing the United Nations in a changing world.

Baumann, Melissa. "Namibia on edge." Mother Jones v. 14 (Oct. '89) p. 18+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: SWAPO.Political campaigns--Namibia.

ABSTRACT: Tensions between the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) and South African security forces could erupt at any time in Namibia. Such a conflict could undermine the peace treaty signed last December by South Africa, Angola, and Cuba. Brokered by the United States, the accord links Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola with South African troop withdrawal from Namibia. The treaty also mandates national elections for a new Namibian government on November 1. South Africa, which will keep 1,500 troops in Namibia until the United Nations declares the election "free and fair," has been accused of trying to destabilize the fledgling nation in order to prevent SWAPO from gaining political control.

Behunin, R. Alan. "Post-war business prospects bloom in Middle East." Public Relations Journal v. 47 (May '91) p. 10

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Public relations--Middle East.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Economic aspects.

ABSTRACT: The recovery of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia following the Persian Gulf War will likely increase the demand for public relations services in the region. There is a pent-up demand for communications, problem-solving, and conflict-resolution skills as the region's governmental, corporate, and academic sectors grow ever more aware of the need for aggressive public relations. American public relations practitioners seeking opportunities in the region must be prepared to cope with such factors as limited media and pervasive censorship. They must also take the region's beliefs and customs into account.

Beinart, Peter. "Aid and abet." New Republic Oct 30, 1995, v231n18, p. 22-25

ABSTRACT: Beinart investigates some of the more drastic failures of the UN in recent years. The chief failing of the UN aid agencies is not that they are clumsy and lethargic but that they are dishonest.

Bekri, Chikh. "The road to 1945." UNESCO Courier Nov 1995, n11, p. 11-13

ABSTRACT: The idea of creating peace took form in 1945 with the creation of UNESCO. UNESCO is set apart from the UN system by its intellectual nature and moral basis.

Benderly, Beryl Lieff. "Is peace as natural as violence?." Psychology Today v. 23 (Dec. '89) p. 70

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Primates.Animals--Habits and behavior.

ABSTRACT: In his new book, Peacemaking Among Primates, primatologist Frans de Waal of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center argues that reconciliation behavior is as natural and as deeply ingrained in primate life as aggression. De Waal's studies of a chimpanzee, a rhesus monkey, a bonobo ape, and other primates revealed that each species had characteristic peacemaking rituals to mediate conflicts, mark changes in social status, and save face. According to de Waal, these findings suggest that forgiveness is innate to humans and other animals, not a sublime idea that can be appropriated by an ideology or a religion.

Ben-Meir, Alon. "Israel and Syria : The search for a "risk-free" peace." Middle East Policy Sep 1995, v4n1-2, p. 140-155

ABSTRACT: Israel and Syria's search for a "risk-free" peace includes the problem of security, both real and imagined. Ben-Meir believes US troops should be placed on the Golan Heights to monitor the peace.

Bendor, Jonathan. "Uncertainty and the evolution of cooperation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 709-734

ABSTRACT: It is well known that inferential errors can induce nice but provocable strategies to engage in vendettas with each other. A more general way of how monitoring uncertainty affects the fate of cooperation in tournaments of the iterated prisoner's dilemma is examined.

Benjamin, Susan.; Gard, Jane. "Creating a climate for change : Students, teachers, administrators working together." NASSP Bulletin Apr 1993, v77n552, p. 63-67

ABSTRACT: Highland Park High School in Illinois changed its organizational structure to allow for collaboration and shared leadership. Four communication issues were addressed: conflict resolution, empathic communication, professional communication and communication for mutual support.

Bennet, Douglas J. "The United States and the United Nations in the global era." US Department of State Dispatch v. 5 (Jan. 24 '94) p. 31-4

KEY WORDS: United Nations--United States.

ABSTRACT: In an address before the National Convention of the United Nations Association (UNA/USA) in New York City on January 6, 1994, Douglas Bennet, Jr., the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs, discusses the importance of building a vibrant, productive partnership between the United States and the UN: Although the United States should maintain a strong military and retain the diplomatic ability to act unilaterally, it also needs a viable alternative when unilateral action is unnecessary, insufficient, or unwise. Therefore, the United States should renew its commitment to the UN. Discussed are the global forces of the post-Cold War world, the 3 main components of the Clinton administration's strategy for developing multilateral institutions, the administration's efforts to forge a bipartisan consensus in Congress on international peacekeeping, and the elements that such a consensus might include.

Bennet, Douglas J. "Statements at confirmation hearings." US Department of State Dispatch May 17, 1993, v4n20, p. 360-364

ABSTRACT: The US role as a global leader is discussed. The US and the UN have a new opportunity to work toward peace and prosperity around the globe.

Bennet, Douglas Jr. "Peace-keeping and multilateral relations in U.S. foreign policy." US Department of State Dispatch Dec 5, 1994, v5n49, p. 808-810

ABSTRACT: In an address before the UN Association at Princeton University, US Assistant Secy for International Organization Affairs Douglas Bennet discusses US foreign policy with regard to UN peacekeeping missions. The US is determined to strengthen peacekeeping efforts and international cooperation.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "Leveraging U.S. resources through the United Nations." US Department of State Dispatch Feb 20, 1995, v6n8, p. 131-133

ABSTRACT: The Clinton Administration's budget request for assessed and voluntary contributions to international organizations is presented. US involvement with the UN, peacekeeping and other international organizations is important for the advancement of its own interests.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "The United Nations : The next 50 years." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 297-299

ABSTRACT: Some of the challenges the UN will face in the next 50 years related to economic development, peacekeeping and human rights are discussed. The UN has proven to be a meaningful forum for peace, human rights and international relations debates.

Bennet, Douglas J Jr. "The United Nations : The next 50 years." US Department of State Dispatch Apr 10, 1995, v6n15, p. 297-299

Bennis, Phyllis and Michel Moushabeck. Beyond the storm : a Gulf crisis reader / edited by; foreword by Edward W. Said ; introduction by Eqbal Ahmad. Brooklyn, N.Y. : Olive Branch Press, 1991.

SUBJECTS:Iraq-Kuwait Crisis, 1990-1991. Persian Gulf War, 1991--Influence. Persian Gulf Region--Strategic aspects. Middle East--Politics and government--1979-

CONTENTS:Thoughts on a war: ignorant armies clash by night / Edward W. Said -- Portent of a new century / Eqbal Ahmad -- Iraq: years of turbulence / Michel Moushabeck -- From regionalism to nation-state: a short history of Kuwait / Hala Fattah -- The crisis in the Gulf: why Iraq invaded Kuwait / Bishara A. Bahbah -- the battle is joined / Steve Niva -- After the cold war: U.S. middle east policy / Noam Chomsky -- The Panama paradigm / Barbara Ehrenreich -- Countdown for a decade: the U.S. build-up for war in the Gulf / Sheila Ryan -- U.S. aid to Israel: funding occupation in the aftermath of the Gulf War / Jeanne Butterfield -- False consensus: George Bush's United Nations / Phyllis Bennis -- The warrior culture / Barbara Ehrenreich -- Peactime militarism: an epidemic disorder / Jack O'Dell -- The storm at home: the U.S. anti-war movement / Max Elbaum -- Restricting reality: media mind-games and the war / Laura Flanders -- The Arab world in the "new world order" / Clovis Maksoud -- The Kurds: an old crisis at a new moment / Clovis Maksoud. The politics of linkage: the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Gulf War / Ibrahim Abu-Lughod -- The other occupation: the Palestinian response / Hanan Mikhail Ashrawi -- The Gulf Crisis and the economy in the occupied territories / Samir Hulaileh -- From the sealed room: Israel's peace movement during the Gulf War / Stanley Cohen -- Israel and the Gulf War: a view from the Israeli peace movement / Mordechai Bar-On -- Jordan responds to the Gulf Crisis / Mustafa B. Hamarneh -- What choice did Egypt have? / Sherif Hetata -- Operation Desert Sheild/Desert Storm: the Islamist perspective / Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad -- Oil and the Gulf Crisis / Michael Tanzer -- Bushbacking: Britain goes to war / Paul Rogers -- Lost illusions: Europe's peace movement / Daniel Cirera -- South Asia in the wake of the Gulf War: the Pakistan example / Talat Rahman, Lyman Baker -- Human rights and the Gulf Crisis: the verbal strategy of George Bush / Naseer Aruri -- For generations to come: the enviromental catastrophe / Penny Kemp -- Desert sin: a post-war journey through Iraq / Louise Cainkar.

Bercovitch, Jacob.; Langley, Jeffrey. "The nature of the dispute and the effectiveness of international mediation." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1993, v37n4, p. 670-691

ABSTRACT: A theoretical framework for studying mediation behavior is developed and its central variables are evaluated against the mediation patterns of 97 international disputes in the postwar period. The results indicate that the dispute features such as fatalities, complexity, nature of the issue and duration of dispute are most predictive of mediation outcomes.

Bercovitch, Jacob. "International Mediation." Journal of Peace Research Feb 1991, v28n1, p. 3-6

ABSTRACT: An editorial offers overview of the history of mediation as a method of conflict resolution among individuals, groups, communities and states. Mediation is defined as a range of third-party activities in conflict management.

Berenson, Douglas. "Balkan combatants agree on relief, U.N. monitoring--Or do they?" Arms Control Today Sep 1992, v22n7, p. 28, 32

ABSTRACT: On Aug 27, 1992, the warring parties in former Yugoslavia agreed to allow the safe delivery of humanitarian aid to Bosnia. They also agreed to close down all detention camps and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision.

Berger, Michael. "Crossing swords in Japan." The New Leader v. 73 (Oct. 29 '90) p. 9-10

KEY WORDS: Kuwait--Iraqi invasion, 1990-1991--Japanese intervention.

ABSTRACT: The question of whether to commit Japanese troops to a multinational force in the Persian Gulf is being hotly debated in the Japanese parliament. Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu has introduced a bill known as the UN Peace Cooperation Law that calls for the establishment of a special peacekeeping unit of 1,000-2,000 people, including Japanese Self-Defense Forces who would be lightly armed but would not be permitted to get involved in frontline combat. Critics charge that the bill violates Article 9 of the constitution, which prohibits sending troops overseas, even for collective self defense. Government officials say that the law is not unconstitutional because the peacekeeping forces are designed "to guarantee collective security." Many Japanese citizens are not convinced, however. In a Japan Economic Journal poll, only 23.1 percent of those interviewed supported the pending legislation.

Bergstrom, Sune. "Battle for peace." World Health (July '86) p. 3-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Radiation--Physiological effects.International Year of Peace, 1986.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has proclaimed 1986 the International Year of Peace. The best way to work toward peace is to reduce conflict and increase trust among nations, an endeavor in which scientific cooperation can play an important role. Differences in living conditions are a key cause of international tensions. WHO continues to foster international cooperation in the research and development of vaccines and other means of promoting health in developing countries. WHO has also formed a group called WHOPAX, which works with other agencies to study the consequences of nuclear war.

Bering-Jensen, Henrik. "War crimes : A history of trials and errors." Insight Mar 29, 1993, v9n13, p. 14-16+

ABSTRACT: Balkan atrocities may be deterred due to the possibility of war-crimes trials being held by the UN. Yet, the UN's inaction in the conflict and willingness to negotiate with those it finds criminal, confuses matters. The Nuremberg Germany war trials are remembered.

Berkowitz, Bruce D. "Rules of Engagement for U.N. Peacekeeping Forces in Bosnia." Orbis Fall 1994, v38n4, p. 635-646

ABSTRACT: The rules of engagement for UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia-Hercegovina, which are listed, raise the question of whether the US should commit military forces to operations governed by such rules. The rules are being used in a situation in which there is no peace.

Bertin, Marc-Yves. "Strengthening regional support for glonal security." Peacekeeping & International Relations May 1994, v23n3, p. 14-15

ABSTRACT: Criticism of UN peacekeeping has often been misplaced; it is important to remember that countries rely heavily on UN efforts because regional organizations are as yet inadequately developed. What national security implies and UN peace operations are discussed.

Bertram, Eva. "Reinventing governments : The promise and perils of United Nations peace building." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 387-418

ABSTRACT: The UN has assumed a prominent post-cold war role as an agent of democratic transitions in Third World countries torn by civil strife. This new brand of "postconflict peace building" is discussed.

Bertram, Christoph. "Multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 65-82

ABSTRACT: Multilateral diplomacy has become the chief framework for addressing conflicts that fall beyond the traditional boundaries of the former East-West rivalry. The successful mediation in the Baltic states and the failure to stop the fighting in the former Yugoslavia are examined.

Bertram, Christoph. "Multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution." Survival Winter 1995, v37n4, p. 65-82

Bertram, Eva. "Reinventing governments : The promise and perils of United Nations peace building." Journal of Conflict Resolution Sep 1995, v39n3, p. 387-418

Bertrand, Maurice. "The road to peace." UNESCO Courier Oct 1995, n10, p. 16-19

ABSTRACT: Bertrand discusses how the UN must reform itself to meet the challenges of the future. The UN should continue its mission of peacekeeping, but it should also become more involved in promoting economic stability.

Bertrand, Maurice. "The road to peace." UNESCO Courier Oct 1995, n10, p. 16-19

Bethell, Tom "The last best hope at forty." National Review v. 37 (May 31 '85) p. 33-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations.

ABSTRACT: The writer describes a visit to the United Nations on the occasion of its fortieth anniversary. Although outgoing UN ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick believes that the United States should remain in the UN and seek improvements, UN support for American positions continues to decline. The United States cannot even use the UN as an arena to embarrass the Soviet Union, since the Soviets seem unembarrassable. There have been proposals to revise the UN Charter by abolishing the Security Council veto and introducing weighted voting, but such reforms seem unlikely. The UN has failed because initial expectations were too high and because an organization cannot both safeguard world peace and respect national sovereignty. Moreover, in their quest for world domination, the Soviets have used the UN to campaign against the United States. The UN will eventually collapse because of its corruption.

Betts, Richard K. "The delusion of impartial intervention." Foreign Affairs Nov 1994, v73n6, p. 20-33

ABSTRACT: The UN and the US continue to intervene in wars without forthrightly taking sides, and this behavior has hurt peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia, Somalia and Haiti. The precarious nature of adopting a policy of impartial intervention is

Betts, Richard K. "Delusions of impartiality : The United Nations and intervention." Current Feb 1995, n370, p. 27-32

ABSTRACT: The UN's tendency to intervene impartially is a possible reason why the UN has achieved only mixed success in Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti, and Rwanda. The UN should move from impartiality to favoritism if necessary.

Betz, Brian. "Response to Strategy and Communication in an Arms Race-Disarmament Dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution Dec 1991, v35n4, p. 678-690

ABSTRACT: Eighty male and female subjects played against a simulated other in a six-choice prisoner's dilemma game that was described in terms of an arms race. The graduated reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT) strategy elicited more cooperation than tit-for-tat strategy.

Beyer, Lisa. "Goodbye--and good riddance." Time v. 135 (Apr. 2 '90) p. 32

KEY WORDS: Tamils.India--Army--Forces in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: The Indian government has completed its withdrawal of peacekeeping forces from Sri Lanka, having brought not peace but additional violence to that country. The Indian army was invited to Sri Lanka three years ago by then-president J. R. Jayewardene to help resolve the conflict between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, whose goal is a separate state for the country's minority Tamils. Under Jayewardene's plan, the Indians were to collect arms from Tamil militants, and the Tamils were to be given more autonomy over a newly created northeastern province. The Tamils refused to give up the fight, however, and the Indians found themselves involved in a guerrilla war that killed 6,000 civilians, 1,200 Indian soldiers, and 800 Tiger fighters. Sri Lankans seem relieved to see India's troops pull out, but now the majority Sinhalese and the Tamils must keep their own peace.

Beyer, Lisa. "Walking the beat in Iraq." Time v. 137 (May 13 '91) p. 31+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Iraq.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The UN's activities in Iraq represent the world body's most ambitious effort ever to settle a war and punish an aggressor. The organization's tasks include assisting Kurdish refugees, policing the Iraq-Kuwait border, overseeing reparations, and disarming Iraq of its most potent weapons. The UN is hampered by a lack of funds, and it must operate in a country that has been bombed back to a "preindustrial age," as one UN report described it.

Bhattachariyya, Mita. "Civil conflict and the problem of armed humanitarian intervention." Peacekeeping & International Relations Jul 1994, v23n4, p. 4-5

ABSTRACT: The argument for humanitarian intervention is summarized. The state is considered to be an independent moral and political unit. If the state is found guilty of gross and persistent human rights abuses against its citizens, however, then it simultaneously forfeits its right to be free from external influence.

Bierman, John. "A search for lasting peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 24-5

KEY WORDS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Palestinian question.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: With the defeat of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein behind him, President George Bush is seeking an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict. At a recent joint meeting of Congress, Bush urged Jerusalem to recognize "legitimate Palestinian political rights." Both Israel and Saudi Arabia have signaled a willingness to participate in a regional peacemaking process, but there are no signs that Israel is prepared to recognize Palestinian rights or to trade territory for peace. Bush called for Israel to comply with two UN resolutions that demand the country's withdrawal from territories that it has occupied since 1967. Such a pullout was quickly rejected, however, by Israeli foreign minister David Levy. Meanwhile, during a tour of the region, U.S. secretary of state James Baker discussed the possible establishment of an Arab peacekeeping force in the Gulf, steps to prevent a new buildup of nonconventional weapons, and regional cooperation for the economic benefit of poorer Arab countries.

Bierman, John. "'Senseless slaughter'." Maclean's v. 103 (Sept. 24 '90) p. 30

KEY WORDS: Liberia--Civil War, 1990- .

ABSTRACT: The bloody eight-month-old civil war in the West African state of Liberia is on the verge of another violent change in the balance of power. In the wake of the reported murder of Master Sgt. Samuel Doe, who seized control of Liberia in a 1980 military coup, four rival factions are claiming power: Charles Taylor, leader of the main rebel army; Prince Johnson, leader of the faction that allegedly assassinated Doe; Brig. Gen. David Nimley, commander of Doe's bodyguards; and lawyer Amos Sawyer, who heads a group of exiled civilians in nearby Gambia. The turmoil in Liberia has been so severe that a five-nation peacekeeping force sent by the Economic Community of West African States has been able to protect only a small group of people. Moreover, the United Nations and other relief agencies have been unable to send in desperately needed humanitarian aid.

Bierman, John. "A crisis for peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 22+

KEY WORDS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.SWAPO.Namibia--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Namibia's path to independence after 75 years of South African rule was threatened when armed guerrillas of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) streamed across the border from Angola in direct violation of cease-fire terms, sparking combat with South African-supported counterinsurgency police. UN peacekeeping troops were supposed to oversee the transition to independence, but few of the troops were in place, forcing Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar to call in South African troops. Although SWAPO apparently precipitated the crisis by sending its troops into Namibia, SWAPO prisoners and African eyewitnesses say that the police started the shooting. The South African government and the U.S. State Department place the blame on SWAPO president Sam Nujoma, however.

Bierman, John. "A failed bid for peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 4 '91) p. 38-9

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Soviet participation.

ABSTRACT: Part of a cover story on the start of the ground war in the Persian Gulf. Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev has won widespread praise for his recent attempts to negotiate a peace settlement between Iraq and the U.S.-led coalition forces. His peacemaking initiatives were prompted by concern about the intensity of military action against Iraq, which had long been a Middle Eastern ally of the Soviet Union. The two plans that Gorbachev proposed, however, were rejected by the coalition countries, which felt that they were much too lenient toward Iraq. The second plan, for example, set no precise date for an Iraqi pullout and proposed a timetable that would have given Iraq three weeks to evacuate Kuwait, a time period that many Western analysts say would have enabled the Iraqis to salvage most of their heavy armor and artillery. Despite the rejection of the Soviet plans, President George Bush was careful to publicly praise Gorbachev for his actions.

Bierman, John. "A search for lasting peace." Maclean's v. 104 (Mar. 18 '91) p. 24-5

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Israel-Arab Wars, 1967- --Territorial questions.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Palestinian question.Persian Gulf War, 1991--Peace and mediation.

Bierman, John. "Keeping the peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 10 '88) p. 28+

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

ABSTRACT: The United Nations peacekeeping forces, known as the Blue Berets, have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. After a long period of decline, the UN has reasserted itself with a series of accomplishments, including negotiating a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war. Peacekeeping operations lack glamour and excitement except when something goes amiss, so the Nobel Peace Prize serves as a dramatic reminder of how important a function the Blue Berets play in trouble spots around the world. With some 1,300 of the approximately 10,000 Blue Berets coming from Canada, the country is a leader of the world's peacekeepers, and many Canadians have taken special pride in the Nobel Peace Prize Committee's decision.

Bierman, John. "Renaissance at the UN." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 3 '88) p. 16-18

KEY WORDS: United Nations.United Nations--Canada.

ABSTRACT: A resurgence of the UN's peacekeeping efforts has brought the organization an enhanced sense of purpose. UN agreements concerning Afghanistan, the Iran-Iraq War, Cyprus, and the Western Sahara are either complete or at hand. Canada is important to the UN's success because it provides more troop assistance to UN peacekeeping operations than any other member nation. Canada has provided troops in Cyprus, signals specialists and truce observers at the cease-fire line between Iran and Iraq, and truce observers in Afghanistan, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai desert. Canadian servicemen are also ready to participate in the UN's potential peacekeeping role in Namibia should South Africa agree to vacate that country. In the Western Sahara, a substantial Canadian contingent could be sent to help end the conflict between Morocco and the Polisario Front guerrillas.

Bierman, John. "Party of God on the march." Maclean's v. 99 (Oct. 6 '86) p. 29

KEY WORDS: Muslims--Lebanon.Lebanon--Israeli invasions, 1982- .

ABSTRACT: Attacks by the Shi'ite Muslim group Hizbollah (Party of God) have drawn the Israeli army back into southern Lebanon. In recent weeks, Hizbollah has attacked the Israeli-backed Christian militia and the French UN peacekeeping force. A Security Council resolution indirectly blamed Israel's presence in Lebanon for the hostilities and called for the immediate removal of Israeli troops. Experts consider the Iranian-backed Hizbollah to be Israel's most serious enemy and the greatest threat to peace along its northern frontier. Hizbollah reflects the radicalism that emerged among South Lebanon's formerly peaceable Shi'ites following the 1982 Israeli invasion.

Bierman, John. "Anatomy of a stalemate." Maclean's v. 98 (Jan. 28 '85) p. 27

KEY WORDS: United Nations--Cyprus.Cyprus.

ABSTRACT: The meeting between Turkish-Cypriot leader Rauf Denktacs and Greek-Cypriot leader Spyros Kyprianou ended without ratification of a fourteen-point treaty that would bring peace to Cyprus. The talks were arranged by United Nations secretary general Javier Perez de Cuellar, who hoped to settle the age-old conflict between the two factions. The treaty stipulated that Cyprus should be divided into Greek and Turkish states that would be governed by a Greek-Cypriot president and a Turkish-Cypriot vice president. Kyprianou opposed almost the entire treaty, but especially the concept of gradual withdrawal of Turkish troops. The Greeks also want Cyprus to be an independent state, a move that would invite Soviet interest in the island. If the dispute were settled, Canadian peacekeeping troops could be withdrawn, but an agreement does not seem imminent.

r the burden there when 95 percent of Gulf oil goes to other countries.

Bierman, John. "Anatomy of a stalemate." Maclean's v. 98 (Jan. 28 '85) p. 27

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Cyprus.Cyprus.

Bierman, John. "Keeping the peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Oct. 10 '88) p. 28+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces.Nobel prizes.

Bierman, John. "The long, hard road to peace." Maclean's v. 101 (Sept. 5 '88) p. 20-1

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Armed Forces--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.Iranian-Iraqi War, 1980-1988--Peace and mediation.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in the Persian Gulf region.

ABSTRACT: Iran and Iraq have begun their peace talks under the auspices of the United Nations, but it could be years before their eight-year-old conflict is completely resolved. At the outset of their talks in Geneva, the two sides disagreed bitterly on the assignment of blame for the war, the demarcation of the frontier line along the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, and the return of prisoners of war. Meanwhile, cease-fire observers and support troops operating from the United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group faced a variety of difficulties. Frontline observers suffered in the intense heat, signalers encountered technical problems in their attempts to set up a radio network for the observers, and support group officers had trouble establishing a line of credit in order to pay troops.

Bierman, John. "A crisis for peace." Maclean's v. 102 (Apr. 17 '89) p. 22+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia.SWAPO.Namibia--Politics and government.

Bierman, John.; Clark, John. "Keeping the Peace." Maclean's Oct 10, 1988, v101n42, p. 28-34

ABSTRACT: The 1988 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the 10,000 UN troops serving in 35 nations.

Bierman, John.; Clark, Marc.; Bollag, Burton. "The Long, Hard Road to Peace." Maclean's Sep 5, 1988, v101n37, p. 20-21

ABSTRACT: The cease-fire between Iran and Iraq is holding and negotiations between the two nations are continuing.

Bierman, John. "Renaissance at the UN." Maclean's Oct 3, 1988, v101n41, p. 16-18

ABSTRACT: The United Nations has had several recent successes under Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, including settlements of conflicts such as the Iran-Iraq war and the Angolan civil war. These successes and Canada's role in the UN are discussed.

Billingham, Robert E.; Notebaert, Nicole L. "Divorce and dating violence revisited : Multivariate analyses using Straus's conflict tactics subscores." Psychological Reports Oct 1993, v73n2, p. 679-684

ABSTRACT: A study assessed whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents was related to the overall use of strategies in conflict resolution in current dating relationships as measured by Straus's conflict tactics subscores.

Bilski, Andrew. "Peace offerings." Maclean's v. 100 (Jan. 26 '87) p. 23

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: One day after Afghan leader Najibullah appealed to Muslim rebels to end their fight against his Communist government came the surprise announcement that Soviet troops would withdraw from Afghanistan, ending a deployment that began in 1979. U.S. and Pakistani officials weren't sure whether a real end to the fighting was in sight; they feared that the overture might be a ploy to weaken support for the rebels. Rebel groups rejected the initiative as fraudulent, and cease-fire violations were reported. Peace talks sponsored by the United Nations are set to resume in Geneva on February 11 to help arrange a timetable for Soviet withdrawal.

Bilski, Andrew. "A bitter Soviet legacy." Maclean's v. 101 (June 6 '88) p. 37

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: The phased pullout of about 100,000 Soviet soldiers from Afghanistan is proceeding on schedule, according to members of the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The respected International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), however, has issued a discouraging report on the prospects for peace after completion of the Soviet withdrawal next February. The report states that Afghanistan's Communist regime will not be able to keep power without the support of Soviet military troops and that once the Soviets are gone, rival mujahedin groups will begin a "race to Kabul." Since the Soviet departures officially began on May 15, the Afghan army has abandoned several towns and garrisons.

Bilski, Andrew. 'The Canadian connection." Maclean's v. 101 (May 30 '88) p. 31

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: United Nations--Afghanistan.Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT: Five Canadians are part of the unarmed United Nations team that is overseeing the pullout of Soviet troops from the war in Afghanistan. Maj. Geordie Elms of Toronto, Ontario; Capt. Doug Mair of Aurora, Ontario; Capt. Murray Allan of Creelman, Saskatchewan; and Lt. Col. David Leslie and Capt. Pat Chartres of Ottawa, Ontario, are the participating members of the Canadian Forces.

Bilski, Andrew. "Peace in the balance." Maclean's v. 106 (May 10 '93) p. 18-20

KEY WORDS: Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- .Serbia--Nationalism.Bosnia and Hercegovina.

ABSTRACT: President Bill Clinton's consideration of tougher measures to end Bosnia's civil war has sparked wide-ranging debate about the merits of Western military intervention in the region and the possibility of war expanding throughout the Balkans and beyond. U.S. intelligence agencies have reportedly told Clinton that if left unchecked in Bosnia, the Serbs' expansionist drive could create even greater problems in the Balkans, but most American military leaders are against military intervention. One exception is Air Force chief of staff Gen. Merrill McPeak, who contends that surgical air strikes against Serbian positions in Bosnia could be carried out with virtually no risk to Americans. The article discusses new UN sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro, Canadian peacekeeping troops in Bosnia, the peace plan proposed by Lord Owen and Cyrus Vance, and European allies' reluctance to endorse stronger military action.

Bilski, Andrew. "A troubling tour of duty." Maclean's v. 106 (May 31 '93) p. 21

KEY WORDS: Murder.Canada--Armed Forces--Crimes and misdemeanors.Canada--Armed Forces--Forces in Somalia.

ABSTRACT: Four members of an elite airborne regiment assigned to bring relief have become the first Canadians on peacekeeping duty to face murder charges. Two were charged with second-degree murder and torture in the March 16 beating death of a Somali male prisoner, and 2 others were charged with torture and negligent performance of duties. A total of 4 Somalis have been killed by Canadian soldiers during the peacekeeping operation. Some critics question the wisdom of having sent the Canadian Airborne Regiment to Somalia, arguing that the paratroopers are trained for hair-trigger responses to battlefield situations--training that seems incompatible with the task of peacekeeping, which demands patience and restraint. The Airborne has also been accused of harboring soldiers with ties to white supremacist groups. Defence Minister Kim Campbell has set up a board of inquiry that will review the preparation, training, and "ethos" of the Canadian Airborne Regiment.

Bilski, Andrew. "Wings of hope." Maclean's v. 105 (Sept. 28 '92) p. 34-5

KEY WORDS: Economic assistance, Canadian--Somalia.Famines--Somalia.Somalia--Civil War, 1991- --Relief work.

ABSTRACT: Canada has joined the United States, Germany, France, and Belgium in a massive relief effort to rescue drought-stricken and war-torn Somalia. Since January 1991, when rebels ousted dictator Muhammad Siad Barre, anarchy has prevailed in the African country, and hundreds of thousands of people have died from drought and civil war. UN officials predict that 2 million Somalis out of a population of 7 million could starve to death unless more aid reaches the country. Western aid teams, however, face a difficult and dangerous task. Armed militiamen loyal to rival warlords continue to fight in spite of a truce. Canada, as part of a new UN peacekeeping force, is dispatching 750 troops to northeastern Somalia to protect the distribution of relief supplies there. At the same time, the mass migration of starving rural dwellers to cities and towns has left feeding centers barely able to cope with the demand.

Bilski, Andrew.; Silver, Eric.; Rodenbeck, Max. "Divided Together." Maclean's Mar 6, 1989, v102n10, p. 26

ABSTRACT: During recent talks in Cairo, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze hoped to persuade Israel to accept his plan for a United Nations-sponsored international peace conference which would include representatives of the PLO.

Bilski, Andrew. "A Fragile Agreement." Maclean's Jan 13, 1992, v105n2, p. 20

ABSTRACT: After 14 failed ceasefires, Serbia and Croatia finally seem ready to try peace. UN special envoy Cyrus Vance's efforts at peace in the war-torn Yugoslavian nation are discussed.

Binder, David. "Senators criticize Bosnia aid plan." New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 6 '93) p. A8

KEY WORDS: United States.--Congress.--Senate.--Committee on Foreign Relations.United States--Armed Forces--Forces in Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Hercegovina--Politics and government.Yugoslavia--Civil War, 1991- --Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: On October 5, members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee expressed reservations concerning the Clinton Administration's plan to send 25,000 American troops to the Balkans. The committee's chairman, Rhode Island Democratic senator Claiborne Pell, said that he opposed an arrangement under which the United States would supply nearly half of an international peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Birch, Bruce C. "Old Testament foundations for peacemaking in the nuclear era." The Christian Century v. 102 (Dec. 4 '85) p. 1115-19

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Bible. O.T.--Criticism, interpretation, etc.Religion and peace.Nuclear weapons--Moral and religious aspects.Church and disarmament.

ABSTRACT: The Old Testament offers a clear prophetic vision for those who seek an answer to the dilemmas of the nuclear age. The key to understanding lies in the word shalom, used often to mean peace, but in a larger sense meaning wholeness and harmony between God and his creation. When God created the world he did so to form order out of chaos. The concept of shalom is the ideal toward which the people of Israel worked, and it should also inform the path walked by the peacemakers of today. God's justice and compassion make it possible for him to deal with chaos as man cannot. When God says, "Vengeance is mine," he means to warn man to avoid retaliatory actions. In contemporary society, adherence to this ancient caveat is of the highest priority. Shalom must be pursued if mankind is to have a future; harmony must be courted if disaster is to be avoided.

Bird, Kai. "The very model of an ex-president." The Nation v. 251 (Nov. 12 '90) p. 545+

ABSTRACT: In the past ten years, former president Jimmy Carter has tackled some of humanity's toughest problems. With an annual budget of more than $17.5 million and a staff of 110, the Carter Center in Atlanta manages a broad array of projects on human rights, education, preventive health care, and conflict resolution in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. Carter is intimately involved in these projects, personally mediating civil wars, building homes for the poor, and supervising elections in such places as Haiti, Panama, and Nicaragua. His most ambitious goal is literally to serve as the world's peacemaker. In a strange way, some of the very qualities that many Americans disliked about him in the late 1970s--his scrupulous neutrality and conscientiousness--explain his current effectiveness.

Bird, Kai.; Holland, Max. "Afghanistan: lost opportunities." The Nation v. 241 (Oct. 26 '85) p. 400

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Afghanistan--Russian invasion, 1979-1989--Peace and mediation.

ABSTRACT: Ronald Reagan will certainly use the Afghan war as a stick when he meets with Mikhail Gorbachev next month, yet Soviet overtures toward a negotiated settlement in Afghanistan have been met with resistance from Washington. In 1983, the Kremlin said that if Pakistan assured a halt to the Afghan insurgency, a staged withdrawal of Soviet troops would be possible. The United States disapproved of such an arrangement, despite Pakistan's initial positive response. According to United Nations observers, subsequent signals from Gorbachev have been rebuffed by Washington. A senior Soviet official has indicated that the USSR prefers a Finlandization of Afghanistan. Gorbachev is reported to have said that the Soviets might counter opposition to negotiations by sending an additional 400,000 troops into Afghanistan.

Bishop, Patrick. "Built up and knocked down." Spectator Nov 19, 1994, v273n8680, p. 27-30

ABSTRACT: The rollercoaster ride of Gen Michael Rose's reputation as commander of UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia, is discussed. Although legitimate criticism of Rose are valid, he has done much to try to improve the situation in Bosnia.

Biswas, Asit K. International waters of the Middle East : from Euphrates-Tigris to Nile. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994.

SUBJECTS:Water resources development--Middle East. Water-supply--Political aspects--Middle East. Rivers--Middle East--Water rights.

CONTENTS:Middle east water issues: action and political will / Mostafa Kamal Tolba -- A hydropolitical history of the Nile, Jordan and Euphrates River basins / Aaron T. Wolf -- Problems of international river management: the case of the Euphrates / John Kolars -- Prospects of technical cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris basin / Ozden Bilen -- The Jordan river and the Litani / Masahiro Murakami and Katsumi Musiake -- The Nile basin: lessons from the past / Yahia Abdel Mageed -- Management of international water resources: some recent developments / Asit K. Biswas.

Bizman, Aharon.; Hoffman, Michael. "Expectations, emotions, and preferred responses regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution Mar 1993, v37n1, p. 139-159

ABSTRACT: Israeli Jews' causal attribution for the Arab-Israeli conflict, their expectations and feelings regarding its course and their preferred strategies of response are examined.

Black, J. Stewart.; Mendenhall, Mark. "Resolving conflicts with the Japanese: mission impossible?." Sloan Management Review v. 34 (Spring '93) p. 49-59

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Americans in Japan.Conflict management.Japan--Social life and customs.

ABSTRACT: When conflicts occur between American and Japanese businesspeople, the Japanese normally try to resolve them using techniques that are successful in their own country, while Americans use methods that are typical in the United States. For Westerners, the first step in creating group harmony is conflict resolution. This Western approach can prove fruitless in a dispute with Japanese businesspeople, as Japanese negotiators often refuse to directly confront conflict and even pretend that it does not exist. For the Japanese, harmony, conflict resolution, and conflict avoidance are a means to another end, not the desired end itself. The end state most sought by the Japanese is a condition in which the incurrence of obligations is minimized and the flexibility in fulfilling obligations is maximized. The behavioral obligations of Japanese managers are discussed, and advice on resolving conflicts with the Japanese is provided.

Black, Kathryn Stechert. "Employee conflicts? Try trading places." Working Woman v. 16 (Apr. '91) p. 28+

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Conflict resolution.Communication in management.

ABSTRACT: If left unresolved, interoffice conflicts--whether between departments or individuals--can lead to lower productivity throughout a company. Suggestions on how management can cope with such conflicts are provided.

Black, Mary E. "UN and crisis intervention." Lancet Dec 11, 1993, v342n8885, p. 1480

ABSTRACT: A Medecins san Frontieres report contends that the UN is making an ill-defined and patchy effort to provide aid and restore peace in the ten most urgent humanitarian crises of the 1990s.

Blake, Richard A., reviewer. "<Mass appeal (motion picture review)>." America v. 152 (Feb. 2 '85) p. 90

SUBJECT DESCRIPTORS: Motion picture reviews--Single works.

ABSTRACT: The film Mass Appeal evokes ambivalent reactions, some having to do with the line between fact and fiction. Jack Lemmon gives a fine performance as a priest sinking into materialism but still capable of compassion and dedication. Bill C. Davis must have hoped, with this adaptation of his stage play, to show Father Farley's ambiguous triumph over his materialism, but it does not translate well to the screen. Conflict and resolution both lack credibility. Zeljko Ivanek is too abrasive as Mark Dolson, the seminarian Farley tries to save, and the dismissal of two seminarians suspected of a gay relationship is anachronistically rigid and swift. Dolson then admits that he, too, experimented sexually in the past. In real life, Dolson should have been kicked out because he was a fool, not because of his past relations.

Blechman, Barry M. "The intervention dilemma." Washington Quarterly Summer 1995, v18n3, p. 63-73

ABSTRACT: An American distaste for military interventions has diminished support for many individual expeditions that implied a serious risk of US casualties or even significant expenditures. Policy dilemmas for both the US and the UN concerning "peace operations" are examined.

Blechman, Barry M.; Reed, Pamela L. "Reform and retrenchment." World & I Jun 1995, v10n6, p. 92-97

ABSTRACT: Sloppy management and charges of corruption are regular complaints leveled against the UN. The harsh criticism has confronted the UN for the past two years.

Blechman, Barry M. "The intervention dilemma." Washington Quarterly Summer 1995, v18n3, p. 63-73

Bleiberg, Robert M. "Fresh crisis brews: in Central America, things are going from bad to worse." Barron's v. 71 (Jan. 14 '91) p. 12

KEY WORDS: Central America--Politics and government.

ABSTRACT: Events in the Persian Gulf have shifted attention away from the deteriorating situation in Central America. Despite peacekeeping efforts by the United Nations, the Marxist-Leninist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, sporting new surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), launched a heavy attack against the duly elected government of El Salvador in November. Three American servicemen were among the hundreds of casualties. The SAMs were provided by the armed forces of Nicaragua, where President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro has allowed her predecessor's brother to keep his position as army commander and has vetoed a 25 percent cut in the military budget. Perestroika, glasnost, and the highly touted end of the Cold War in Europe do not seem to have affected Cuba and Central America, where violence continues unabated.

Bliss, Harry. "Realism, Empathy, and Reconciliation." Christianity & Crisis Jun 22, 1992, v52n10, p. 227-229

ABSTRACT: The US' use of force in international disputes has led many people to ask if more humane, more effective approaches to conflict resolution are available. Education and mobilization of large numbers of ordinary citizens are necessary to decrease military spending in the US. The role of churches in these efforts are discussed.

Bloom, Evan T. "Protecting peacekeepers : The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel."

American Journal of International Law Jul 1995, v89n3, p. 621-631

ABSTRACT: The safety of UN peacekeepers and others serving UN mandates is of major importance to the UN. The efforts of the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel are examined.

Bloomfield, David. "Towards complementarity in conflict management : Resolution and settlement in Northern Ireland." Journal of Peace Research May 1995, v32n2, p. 151-164

ABSTRACT: Bloomfield argues the case for a model of conflict management based on a conplementary view of two approaches to conflict, resolution and settlement, which have traditionally been presented in the literature as opposed. Evidence for complementarity in practical conflict management st