Compiled by Michael Munson and Robert Vay This collection consists of a variety of historical subjects that are preserved in different formats, including wood engravings, lithographs, chromolithographs, photolithographs and even a hand-drawn map made at the time of the Civil War. Almost all of the prints are over fifty years old and many go back to the time of the Civil War itself. Content-wise, the majority of the prints depict Civil War battles or are they are military maps of Northern Virginia at the time of the war. The areas of Northern Virginia covered in these images include sites in current-day Arlington and Alexandria as well Fairfax, Loudoun and Prince William Counties. There are also a small amount of 20th Century maps included in this collection as well. The primary sources of most of the Civil War prints come from three main periodicals: The Illustrated London News, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper and Harper’s Weekly. The war images that they published for their readers were wood engravings, many of which were hand colored. Wood engravings in themselves were created around 1842. They images were made by using a boxwood block, which the artist would polish to a smooth finish. A pencil was then used to draw the picture on the block, which had to be in reverse to make a mirror image. Lastly, the engraver would cut the wood that did not include pencil marks and one would have a print that could eventually be put-together for newspaper printing. The Illustrated London News was one of the first periodicals that discovered this technique. One of their artists that covered the Civil War for British readers was Frank Vizetelly. Vizetelly spent his time on the Union side at first, but was later allowed to draw on the Confederate line. Artists like Vizetelly sometimes did more than draw, though. He helped deliver messages for Confederate General James Longstreet at the battle of Chickamauga, in addition to making engravings for The Illustrated London News. Vizetelly was also a staff aide for the Confederates at the battle of Fredericksburg and was present at Charleston, South Carolina, when it was besieged. Because of such personal involvement by artists such as Vizetelly, many engravings were not just made by detached observers, but by active participants in history unfolding. Frank Leslie was another artist who began his career as an engraver in 1842 and eventually published his own periodical, which he appropriately titled Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper. Leslie’s newspaper eventually covered the Civil War as well. He used a large volume of illustrations in his newspaper as a way to increase circulation. This collection includes many prints from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, including several copies of engravings from his German language edition. Another popular periodical of the time that is included in this collection is Harper’s Weekly. Harper’s Weekly was first published in 1857 and it became another influential publication during the Civil War. Two prominent artists for Harper’s Weekly during the Civil War were Alfred Waud and Thomas Nast. Engravings by both of them are included in this collection. Waud was primarily assigned to the eastern front of the war and actually covered the war from the Battle of 1st Manassas to the Confederacy’s surrender at the Appomattox Court House. Thomas Nast, on the other hand, worked largely in New York and was allowed to work at home for most of the war. One of the main exceptions to this was when he spent time at the Union camp during the Battle of Gettysburg. Nast’s sympathies went to the Union and he was not well cared for in the South because of the patriotic emotions that he imbued in his engravings for many readers. In fact, many Southerners sent threatening letters to Nast at the Harper’s Weekly office. The Illustrated London News, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper and Harper’s Weekly were all generally Pro-Union in outlook. Although wood engravings make up the majority of this collection, there are also many maps included as well. Color printing of maps began in the 1850s in the United States. The majority of maps in this collection are lithographs, chromolithographs and photolithographs. Many of the maps are topographical in nature and were made for military uses by both the North and South. Military campaigns relied on topographical maps that were made by reconnaissance scouts on both sides as well. The maps made during the Civil War were often the most accurate maps made of different regions until the 20th Century. Ideally, this collection will serve both the general public and historical researchers. Many residents of Northern Virginia only know the area as a cultural outgrowth of Northern Virginia. Despite the cosmopolitan reputation of Northern Virginia today, it was largely farm country at the time of the Civil War. Additionally, Union and Confederate forces occupied most of Northern Virginia throughout the war. Many of the areas that are depicted in these prints still exist today in much different circumstances. Columbia Pike, Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, the Little River Turnpike, Centreville and Manassas all existed at the time of the Civil War and all of them are represented or referenced in these prints. Some of the areas included in these prints have undergone radical cultural changes as well. An Islamic Mosque now occupies Munson Hill, which Confederate forces occupied under General J.E.B. Stuart early in the war. This collection should aid historical researchers as well, whether they
are GMU students or professional historians. These are antique prints,
most of which were printed at the time of the Civil War itself. In this
sense, they will make excellent primary sources for researchers. Primary
source material is essential for historians doing research on any level
and this collection should ideally aid that need. It is hoped that the
bibliography will be an additional research tool for historians looking
for material beyond the prints and annotations themselves. Annotations
for all 89 prints in this collection follow.
Title: Dumfries, Virginia-From a Sketch by Mr. A.R. Waud.
The town of Dumfries was began in 1749 by Scottish settlers. It was an early urban trading center because of its relative access to the Occoquan Creek, which connected to the Chesapeake Bay and finally led to the Atlantic Ocean. Dumfries eventually began to decline around 1790 as new economic centers grew in Virginia. Title: General Haupt's Bridge over Potomac Creek, Virginia, Destroyed
by the Rebels.
Herman Haupt was known as being very abrasive personally, yet he was
one of the most efficient engineers that the Union had during the war.
The bridge pictured in this engraving was a few hundred feet long, but
Haupt and his men rebuilt it in only 40 hours.
Title: Operations in Northern Virginia.
The area in this print covers the main theater of eastern operations
during the Civil War. The map ranges from Gettysburg, down to Charlottesville,
Spotsylvania and Fredericksburg. An interesting note to this print is that
Virginia was an enormously large state at the time, because this was made
before the split between West Virginia and Virginia. Although the deep
South was affected by the war as well, over 60% of the Civil War was fought
in Virginia itself.
Title: Map of the Valley of Virginia from Staunton to Winchester.
This print and print sixty-seven both show the Shenandoah Valley, which
has often been called "God’s gift to the Confederacy." It was important
strategically because it offered dense and thick woods, so the Confederates
could move troops with stealth and be able to threaten Washington from
its tip. The notable battles of Winchester and New Market took place in
the Shenandoah Valley.
Title: Battlefield of Young's Branch or Manassas Plains.
Although this is listed as the "Battlefield of Young’s Branch or Manassas
Plains," it is referring to the territory where the battles of 1st
and 2nd Manassas took place. Most Civil War battles were named
differently by the North and South. The North usually named battles after
streams, while the South generally named battles after nearby towns. In
this case, Young’s Branch was a stream on the area of the Manassas battlefield.
Title: The Civil War in America: A Portion of the Abandoned Confederate
Works and Camp at Centreville.
Confederate troops took up their winter quarters at Centreville during
the winter of 1861-1862. The Confederate army had the problem of trying
to house 40,000 men that winter and to do so, they sawed down many trees
for shelter that winter. This is why the area became the wasteland that
is portrayed.
Title: The War in Virginia-General Hooker's Army Marching Past Manassas,
VA.
Railroads were strategically important to both the Union and Confederate
war efforts. In fact, the Civil War has been called the first "Railroad
War," because of how crucial they were for both North and South. In this
print, General Hooker’s Army is marching past the railroads at Manassas.
The Orange and Alexandria Railroad met the Manassas Gap Railroad there.
Title: Arlington Mills, Near the Boundary Line of Munson's Hill.
Both Munson Hill and Arlington Mill were bought by northerners in the
1840s and 1850s. The Confederate Army under J.E.B. Stuart held Munson Hill
in September of 1861, although it was occupied by Union and Confederate
forces at different times during the war. At the time of the war, Munson
Hill was high enough that one could see both the dome of the U.S. Capitol
as well as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance. An Islamic Mosque
and an apartment complex reside on Munson Hill today.
Title: A Confederate Scout Watching Union Troops Near Falls Church,
VA.
[View
Image]
Title: New Military Road Near the Chain Bridge, Virginia.
Military Road connected to Chain Bridge, which crossed the Potomac River
and led into Washington itself. Union guards were posted at Chain Bridge
almost overnight, after Virginia voted to secede from the Union. A regular
guard was established on Chain Bridge, which remained there throughout
the entire war. Both Military Road and Chain Bridge exist today in Arlington,
Virginia.
Title: Army Beef Swimming the Occoquan River, Virginia.
The army beef that was being driven through the Occoquan Creek were
travelling to Manassas for General Hooker’s men. The village of Occoquan
can be seen in the print, although it was a very small town at the time.
Title: The Campaign in Virginia: General Heintzelman’s Division Proceeding
Down the Potomac.
This print shows Union General Heintzelman’s division moving down the
Potomac towards Fort Monroe, Virginia. They were travelling downstream
in the darkness, so that they could avoid alerting Confederate troops.
Heintzelman’s troops were on their way to Fort Monroe, Virginia, in order
to participate in McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign.
Title: The Civil War in America: Federals Advancing on the Abandoned
Confederate Positions at Centreville
This content in this print is similar what is portrayed in print 5.
Confederate troops had left Centreville in virtual ruins after the winter
of 1961-1862. The devastation was largely due to Confederate troops cutting
down trees for shelter through the winter.
Title: The Evacuated Rebel Position Near Centreville, VA. At the Crossing
of the Orange and Alexandria Railway over Bull Run, Showing Abandoned Rebel
Encampment, Fortifications, etc.
This print is also similar to prints 5 and 12. The ruins of Centreville
were the results of Confederate troops sawing down trees to house the 40,000
men who took up quarters there during the winter of 1861-1862.
Title: Bailey's Crossroads, VA.-Grand Review of Seventy Thousand Troops
of the Army of the Potomac, by General George B. McClellan, Commanding
the United States Army.
Union General George B. McClellan spent most of 1861 trying to organize
and train the Union Army, which was largely in disarray at the time of
the Civil War. McClellan held parades of his troops often during this time.
This review was known as the "Grand Review" and it was held between Munson
Hill and Bailey’s Crossroads. Over 100,000 Union troops took part and President
Lincoln attended the review.
Title: The War in America: Bringing in the Federal Wounded After the
Skirmish at Lewinsville, Virginia.
Both Union and Confederate troops roamed Fairfax County in early 1861.
The primary duties for these troops were scouting and reconnaissance missions.
Because of these missions, there were many minor skirmishes at places like
Lewinsville. Lewinsville itself was an agricultural community at the time,
as was most of Northern Virginia.
Title: Lieutenant Tompkins, at the Head of Company B, U.S. Dragoons,
Charging into the Town at Fairfax Court House, Killing Thirty of the Enemy
and Carrying Off Five Prisoners, in the Face of Fifteen Hundred Secession
Troops.
Lieutenant Tompkins was a Virginia native, yet he joined the Union Army
in Brooklyn, New York, in 1861. During the Union charge at Fairfax Court
House, he rescued two Federal soldiers who were prisoners of the Confederate
Army. Lt. Tompkins was further able to shoot a Confederate Captain during
the battle. Lt. Tompkins won the Medal of Honor for his actions there.
Title: The Civil War in America: How the Outlying Sentries of the Federal
Army are Killed by Secessionist Scouts.
As was earlier noted in print 15, scouts from both the Union and Confederate
Armies roamed Northern Virginia during 1861. The Virginia woods at the
time were very thick, dense and dark, which led to de facto guerilla fighting
by both sides, in part because of the nature of the territory. Both Union
and Confederate troops felt that guerilla tactics were barbaric, despite
the fact that both sides engaged in them. The Confederates had the definite
advantage with scouts and guerilla forces, because they knew the territory
much better than men from the North.
Title: The Civil War in America: Unionist Scouting Party in the Virginian
Woods in the Neighborhood of Alexandria.
This artist for this engraving went along with the Union scouting party
in order to make this print. The Union scouts in this engraving wore slouched
hats and were equipped with both bowie knives and revolvers. The two men
leading the party also carried guns that were cocked at all times. Scouting
missions were a difficult duty for men to have, because there was a high
likelihood of death.
Title: Carolinian Pickets Flying Before the Advance of Federal Troops
in Fairfax.
Prints 15 and 17 contain similar content to this print of Carolinian
troops, fighting in the dense woods of Fairfax County, Virginia. As noted
earlier, minor battles across Northern Virginia occurred frequently during
1861. Although the Union Army held most of Northern Virginia during the
war, the Confederates occupied territory as close to Washington as Bailey’s
Crossroads and Fairfax at different times, during the first two years of
the war.
Title: Fairfax Court House.
Confederate troops occupied Fairfax Court House after their victory
at the Battle of 1st Manassas. At that time, they also held
areas as far north as Munson Hill. Jefferson Davis himself attended the
well-known military conference held at Fairfax Court House in 1861. General
Beauregard wanted to strike at Washington itself, before McClellan could
completely fortify the town. Davis turned down the proposal, because he
could not get the amount of troops from the Deep South that would be necessary
for a successful engagement. This was a fateful decision, because by the
time of the Maryland Campaign of 1862, Washington was an well-armed and
fortified town.
Title: United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey Vienna
Quadrangle.
This print is one of the many topographical maps of Virginia that is
included in this collection. The area covered in this map centers primarily
at Vienna, but it also includes regions of Herndon and Great Falls as well.
At the time when this print was made in 1951, the Shirley Highway (I-395)
was extended to connect with U.S. 1, which made transportation easier from
Alexandria to Prince William County.
Title: United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey Falls
Church Quadrangle.
This print is similar in content to the print 20, although it was made
five years later and centers more heavily on Falls Church. This map is
also topographical as well. It includes areas that are well known in the
Washington area today, including Falls Church, Pimmit Hills and McClean
in Virginia. There are also areas of suburban Maryland shown in this map,
including the Cabin John Parkway and Glen Echo Heights.
Title: The Rand McNally New Commercial Atlas Map of Virginia. State
Map of Virginia.
This map was made in 1916, when the public use of trolleys was declining
in Virginia. Automobiles were not a practical mode of transportation at
the time, even by 1917. There were not many paved roads in Northern Virginia
at the time and most transportation was done by horse and buggy. As a cultural
side note, most houses in Northern Virginia did not have electric power
or lights until the 1920s, either.
Title: The Rand McNally Junior Auto Road Map of Delaware Maryland Virginia
West Virginia.
[View Legend] [View Map] This print shows the dramatic increase of automobile roads that had
been built by 1928, in contrast to the previous print. In Virginia, the
state legislature voted to begin paving highways throughout the state,
despite the fact that automobiles were not currently a practical mode of
transportation for most people. The highways and roads were financed by
local bonds, as well as by state and federal funds. The new highways eventually
allowed automobiles to travel throughout the state, even distances as far
apart as Fairfax and Blacksburg.
Title: The Civil War in America: Embarkation on a Portion of the Army
of the Potomac at Alexandria, Near Washington.
The Union troop movements down the Potomac in 1862 were initially kept
secret, although there were thousands travelling down to Fort Monroe, Virginia.
They were being moved down to Fort Monroe for McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign.
100,000 Union troops were eventually moved down to the Virginia Peninsula
for his campaign. The Peninsular Campaign was ultimately unsuccessful,
despite the large amount of men and time that McClellan used to prepare
for it.
Title: Battle of Gaines's Mills, Four O' Clock in the Afternoon, Friday,
June 27th, 1862.
Gaines’ Mill was one of the battles of the Seven Days Campaign. The
battle almost resulted in a Southern defeat because Confederate General
Robert E. Lee’s estimate of where the Union Army was situated was incorrect.
Lee therefore misdirected General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s men,
who arrived late on the second day of battle. Jackson’s extraordinarily
sensitive "ear" for detecting the true direction of the battle saved the
day for the Confederates, because his troops were fresh reinforcements
and they overwhelmed the Union line.
Title: Battle of Willis Church, 10 O' Clock A.M. Monday, June 30th,
1862-Generals Hancock, Heintzelman, Sumner and Porter's Forces Engage Generals
Jackson, Longstreet and A.P. Hill.
The Battle of Willis Church is often known as the Battle of Malvern
Hill as well. It was the last battle of the Seven Days Campaign and followed
the Battle of Gaines’ Mill. Confederate losses were heavy at the Battle
of Willis Church, because Union artillery was placed strategically on the
plateau of Malvern Hill itself. The Confederates lost the battle because
of the poor position of their units.
Title: Portions of the Middle Department.
The prominent settlement in this lithograph is the town of Winchester.
Winchester was the largest town to the west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
The railroad at Winchester was only thirty miles shy of Harper’s Ferry.
The Baltimore and Ohio railroad system connected at Harper’s Ferry and
was the largest railroad in the country at the time. The near vicinity
of Winchester, therefore, was strategic for the Confederacy to hold.
Title: Zouaves Building Entrenchments at Shuter's Hill, Near Alexandria
Many Federal and Confederate troops wore a mixture of uniforms during
the early part of the war. One of the more flamboyant uniforms were those
modeled to look like the French Zouaves. Zouave uniforms generally had
baggy red pants and blue coats with yellow sashes that were worn around
one’s waist. For headwear, most troops wore exotic turbans or a fez.
Title: Commencement of the Action at Bull Run-Sherman’s Battery Engaging
the Enemy’s Masked Battery.
The first major battle of the Civil War is known as 1st Bull
Run by the North and 1st Manassas by the South. Sherman was
one of the more notable Union commanders at the battle. The South won the
battle, but it could have easily gone the other way because Union troops
out-flanked the Confederates at one point during battle. Confederate troops
held their line, though, and reinforcements from General Johnston arrived
by railroad and overwhelmed the Union lines. The Union troops fled all
the way back to Washington after the battle.
Title: Sheridan’s Campaign-Battle of Winchester-Position of the 19th
Corps, Gen. Emery, Sep. 19-the Centre.
This print and the one following both depict General Sheridan’s victory at the Battle of Winchester in 1864. Sheridan was originally from Ohio and was a graduate from West Point in 1853. He fought in many early battles of the Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee. Sheridan’s troops were in Winchester as part of a Union campaign to destroy the agricultural and livestock resources in the Shenandoah Valley that the Confederacy relied upon. Sheridan’s victory there in 1864 prevented the Confederacy from using the Shenandoah Valley to threaten Washington for the remainder of the war. Title: Sheridan's Campaign-Battle of Winchester-Charge of Crook's 8th
Corps-The Right.
This is also an engraving of the Battle of Winchester. The main difference
in emphasis from the previous one is that it emphasizes the right flank
of Sheridan’s army attacking Confederate General Jubal Early’s men. The
previous engraving depicted the center flank of Sheridan’s troops.
Title: The Civil War in America: The Long Bridge over the Potomac at
Washington, Guarded by United States Artillery.
Long Bridge, like Chain Bridge, was another bridge in present-day Arlington,
which crossed the Potomac River to Washington. Because of this vulnerable
access to Washington from Virginia, it was guarded by Federal troops shortly
after Virginia seceded from the Union. Long Bridge is known today as the
14th Street Bridge.
Title: The Civil War in America: Confederate Prisoners Captured by United
States' Pickets between Fairfax and Manassas Junction, Virginia.
This engraving shows Confederate prisoners which were captured by Union
pickets in the area between Fairfax and Manassas Junction. They are pictured
solemnly accepting their fate as prisoners of war. The area between Alexandria
and Manassas became the Civil War became a "no man’s land" in 1861, which
was not entirely safe for troops of either side.
Title: The Potomac Blockade at Quantico Creek-Parrot Guns Shelling the
Confederate Steamer "George Page"-Confederate Batteries in the Distance
Firing on Passing Schooners.
The Parrott Gun was designed by Captain Robert P. Parrott, prior to
the Civil War. The State of Virginia contacted Parrott during the spring
of 1860 in order to test the gun that he had created. This was around the
time of John Brown’s raid of Harper’s Ferry and before the election of
Lincoln, but Virginia was already preparing for war. Parrott’s gun was
a rifled cannon that could shoot projectiles twice as far as the Napoleonic
Howitzer could. Virginia officials had an artillery officer at the Virginia
Military Institute (VMI) test the gun, before formally purchasing it. The
officer who tested the gun was Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and based
on his positive appraisal, the State of Virginia bought twelve Parrott
Guns.
Title: The Pontoon Bridge "on the March"-The Pontoon Wagons on their
Way from Aquia Creek 'to the Rappahannock.
Transportation was essential for both sides during the Civil War. Many
bridges were destroyed during the course of the war and this made moving
troops and supplies difficult. Pontoon Bridges were a common solution to
this problem. This print shows a pontoon bridge that was built at Blackburn’s
Ford, which was near Centreville.
Title: Smoke Rising from the Firing of the National Salute of Twenty-One
Guns at Conclusion of the Ceremonies at Arlington.
Veterans’ ceremonies after the Civil War were very important occasions
in both the North and the South. By the time of this photograph in 1921,
many survivors of the war had passed away, although the Civil War was still
prominent in the American consciousness. As an illustration of this, the
United Daughters of the Confederacy arranged to have the remains of four
hundred Confederate soldiers buried at Arlington Cemetery in 1914, just
seven years before this photograph was taken.
Title: The Great Review at Bailey's Cross Roads, Virginia, on November
20, 1861.
The content matter of this print is the same as print 14. This was the
famous "Grand Review" that Union General McClellan organized held in 1861.
It was held between Munson Hill and Bailey’s Crossroads. Over 100,000 troops
took part and even President Lincoln attended the review.
Title: The Civil War in America: The Last Stand Made by the Federals
at Manassas.
The Battle of 2nd Manassas is pictured in this engraving.
The Confederate victory was due in part to the fact that Union General
Pope did not concentrate his forces when attacking the Rebel line. General
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s lines held in place because of this and
did not completely break from Pope’s assault on two different days. Jackson’s
men were able to hold long enough until infantry reinforcements from General
Jubal Early and artillery barrages from General Longstreet, that were able
to defeat Pope decisively.
Title: The Bright Side of War-Holiday Festivities of the 44th
New York Volunteers at their Camp, Hall’s Hill, Virginia.
Hall’s Hill is located in present-day Arlington County. In August 1861,
the Confederate Army had troops as close to Washington as Hall’s Hill,
as well as Munson Hill. After the Civil War, many former slaves settled
at Hall’s Hill. Today, Hall’s Hill is still one of the largest black communities
in Arlington.
Title: Territory Between Baltimore and Ohio R.R. and Manassas Gap R.R.,
Maryland and Virginia
This map includes areas of Northern Virginia and Central Maryland, including
major railway lines. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut through a gap
in the Blue Ridge Mountains and ran almost parallel to the Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal. Both the railroad and the canal were strategically important
to Union and Confederate war efforts, because they gave access to Pennsylvania
and further west to Ohio.
Title: View from Loudoun Heights, VA., Showing Harper's Ferry, Maryland
Heights, Bolivar, etc.
Union troops occupied Loudoun Heights in July of 1861. General Thomas
J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s forces attacked Loudoun Heights in September 1862
as well. There are earthworks from the Civil War that are still visible
at Loudoun Heights today.
Title: The Naval Brigade Constructing the Marine Battery on Shutter's
Hill, to Guard Alexandria, VA., and Command the Fairfax Road, Lieutenant
Perkins Commanding.
Union troops quickly invaded areas of Northern Virginia after Virginia
voted to secede from the Union. Many in Washington felt vulnerable during
the early parts of the Civil War, with good reason, since an enemy state
bordered it directly. Because of that anxiety, one of the main Union activities
early in the war was to fortify Washington and parts of Northern Virginia
to protect it from Confederate troops. In this print, wagons and batteries
have been assembled on the high ground afforded by Shuter’s Hill, overlooking
Alexandria. The George Washington Masonic Temple occupies Shuter’s Hill
today.
Title: A Topographical Map of Eastern Virginia from "Fredericksburg"
to "Richmond," Taken from Tracings (Now in the Possession of the Government)
of the Original Railroad Surveys of this Portion of the State, Comprising
the Topography for Six Miles on Each Side of the Track. This is the Only
Reliable Map of this Portion of the State.
Reliable transportation was important for both the Union and Confederate
sides during the war. This print shows the railroad lines between Fredericksburg
and Richmond, which had enormous importance for the Confederates to hold.
Richmond in itself was politically important to the Confederacy, since
it was their capital. Industrially, Richmond was also significant to the
South’s fortunes, since it included the Tredegar Iron Works, which was
one of the main industrial sources for the Confederacy’s war efforts.
Title: Pontoon Bridges over the Rappahannock, Built For Reynolds’s Corps.
This print and the print that follows illustrate the makeshift solutions
that soldiers used to cross waterways where bridges had been destroyed.
During the spring of 1863, the eastern theater of the war grew to take
place below the Rappahannock River in Virginia. The Confederates often
destroyed bridges in order to stop Union troop movements. Pontoon bridges
were employed to help soldiers to cross the waterways and facilitate easier
transportation.
Title: Pontoon Bridges Erected for General Sedgwick’s Corps to Cross.
This print is similar to the previous one. Many Union troops in Northern
Virginia worked specifically on building pontoon bridges for the larger
war effort. Pontoon bridges helped transport troops when bridges were destroyed.
Title: The Seat of Military Operations in August and September, 1862.
This map shows the main theater of military operations in the eastern
theater of the war. The land in this map was fought over, with defeats
and successes for both sides throughout the entire war. The parts of Maryland
that are shown in this map include the areas where Confederate Generals
Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson would pursue in the Maryland
Campaign.
Title: From the Potomac to the Chickahominy.
This print and the following one are essentially the same. Both were
published in Harper’s Weekly as well. The maps in these prints stretch
from Washington and the Potomac, down to the areas of the Virginia Peninsula,
which McClellan hoped to exploit in his Peninsular Campaign. The prints
also show the extensive railroads that linked Norfolk to Petersburg as
well.
Title: From the Potomac to the Chickahominy.
As noted, this print is essentially the same as the previous one. The
prints show the many railroads in Virginia south of the Rappahannock River
that helped the Confederacy in moving troops to protect Richmond. The Civil
War was known as the first "Railroad War" because of their frequent use
by both the Union and Confederacy.
Title: Map No. 3 2nd Manassas Operations of the Army of Virginia under
Maj. Gen. John Pope Position of the Troops on the Night of August 27th,
1862.
Union General John Pope did not realize until the night of August 27th
that Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s troops were in
the area of his own army. Jackson’s men had marched in stealth to Manassas
in order to capture valuable food and supplies that the Union stored at
a supply depot there. Pope thought that Jackson’s army was back in the
Shenandoah Valley and had not counted on his relatively near presence.
Both armies would meet shortly in the Battle of 2nd Manassas,
which the Confederates would win.
Title: Johnson's Map of the Vicinity of Richmond and Peninsular Campaign
in Virginia.
Union General George McClellan amassed 100,000 men in the Peninsular
Campaign, in an effort to defeat the Confederates at their capital of Richmond.
The campaign was a failure because of the Confederacy’s ability to make
Washington vulnerable. McClellan had taken a high percentage of Union troops
from Washington with him and Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall"
Jackson quickly moved up the Shenandoah Valley to threaten Washington itself.
Jackson’s actions re-ignited the Confederate war effort and general strategy
to come.
Title: Seat of War in Virginia.
This map shows the main areas of warfare in Virginia in 1862. It is
very similar to prints 42 and 43. The map covers a wide section of the
eastern theater at the time, including as far north as Harper’s Ferry and
as far south as Fredericksburg. This area was bitterly fought over for
most of the war.
Title: Principal Rebel Defences at Centreville, Showing the Forts. Breastworks,
Barracks, etc. with the Quaker or Wooden Guns in the Embrasures.
"Quaker Guns" were wooden logs that were shaped to look like cannons
in order to fool an enemy army. Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart used
them at Munson’s Hill in order to fool McClellan in 1861. They were also
employed successfully by the Confederate Army in Centreville, during the
winter of 1861-1862.
Title: The Civil War in America: Baggage-Waggons and Gun-Carriages of
the Army of the Potomac on the Move.
Both the Union and Confederate Armies had extensive supply lines that
fed and clothed their troops. Confederate troops destroyed many bridges
in Virginia in 1863, in an effort to prevent Union supply lines and soldiers
from reaching further south. This print shows the heavy wagons that carried
supplies to the Union Army.
Title: The Civil War in America: Federals Advancing on the Abandoned
Confederate Positions at Centreville.
This print is similar to prints 5, 12 and 13. The Confederate troops
took up their winter quarters at Centreville, during the winter of 1861-1862.
They needed shelter for the winter, so they chopped down a large number
of trees to construct cabins. The result was the destruction that the Union
troops encountered as they reached Centreville.
Title: The War in Virginia-View of the Town of Centreville, VA. with
the Battlefield of Bull Run, Bull Run Mountains, Thoroughfare Gap and the
Blue Ridge in the Distance.
This print was made a year later than the previous one and it shows a much different landscape. Instead of the devastated wasteland of the former print, this one depicts animals grazing and it is generally a much more bucolic scene. The Confederate Army left Centreville in ruins after the winter of 1861-1862. Title: Rebel Position at Centreville. Note: Union Reconnaissance Map
of Confederates at Centreville,
At the time that this print was made, Union troops were marching towards
Centreville to counter Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
in his Valley Campaign. Jackson was able to outwit his Union opponents
in part because of the stealth that the Shenandoah Valley provided. The
Shenandoah Valley was one of the Confederacy’s greatest assets because
men like Jackson knew how to use it strategically.
Title: Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate
Armies 1861-1865. Date: [ca. 1863-1865].
This map is topographical and includes the Blue Ridge Mountains as well
as a view of the Chesapeake. Many railroad lines are featured as well.
Railroads were an essential part of both the Union and Confederate war
efforts. As a side note, the boundaries of the new state of West Virginia
appear in this map. The western areas of Virginia had not wanted to secede
from the Union along with the rest of their state and in 1863 they became
a separate state.
Title: Map of Northeastern Virginia and Vicinity of Washington.
This map is hydrographic and details the depths of the Potomac River
in detail. It was made by Union Engineers during the war and includes areas
as far south as King George and Spotsylvania Counties. There are also several
military batteries placed along the Potomac, which are shown as well.
Title: Map of Battle-Grounds of August 28th, 29th & 30th, 1862 in
the Vicinity of Groveton, Prince William Co., VA.
Civil War battlefields are often referenced by different names. The
North named Civil War battles after streams beside or on battlefield grounds,
while the South generally named battles after nearby towns. There are often
other discrepancies in how battles are referenced, as in the case of print
four of this collection, which lists the battlegrounds as "Young’s Branch."
In this case, Groveton was a tiny hamlet that was part of the land fought
over during the Battle of 2nd Manassas. Confederate General
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson gathered his troops at Groveton before the
battle. The battle itself was almost a disaster for the Confederates because
Union General John Pope’s men almost broke Jackson’s lines. The opportune
arrival of Confederate reinforcements and artillery to aid Jackson’s men
eventually helped the South win the battle.
Title: The Civil War in America: The Long Bridge over the Potomac at
Washington, Guarded by United States' Artillery
This print is essentially the same one as print 29 in this collection.
Long Bridge was occupied by Union troops shortly after Virginia’s decision
to secede from the Union. Long Bridge made Washington vulnerable because
it crossed the Potomac to the Union capital itself. Today, Long Bridge
is known as the 14th St. Bridge.
Title: Testing the Large Rifled Gun "Union" for the First Time, at Fort
Monroe, in the Presence of Generals Wool and Butler.
Union General Benjamin Butler is shown here observing the testing of
a long rifled gun at Fort Monroe. Butler was a political appointee early
in the war. Fort Monroe itself had an unusual existence during the Civil
War as well. Just as Union troops occupied parts of Fairfax during the
war, they also did so at Fort Monroe, which was at the very end of Virginia’s
peninsula. Additionally, runaway slaves fled to Fort Monroe during the
war. Union commander George McClellan also used Fort Monroe as a site to
begin his Peninsular Campaign.
Title: General Sigel's Corps at the Second Battle of Bull Run-Fought
August 29, 1862
This engraving is of the Battle of 2nd Manassas. There are annotations
on the battle included with prints 35, 44 and 54. The South won the Battle
of 2nd Manassas because of the infantry and artillery reinforcements
that arrived to support General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s troops.
With the defeat of the Union troops at the Battle of 2nd Manassas,
Confederate General Robert E. Lee went on the offensive into Maryland less
than a week later. The Maryland Campaign that followed is generally seen
as the Confederate high-water mark of the war.
Title: General Schenck, with Four Companies of the First Ohio Regiment,
Surprised and Fired into by a Confederate Masked Battery, near Vienna,
VA., June 17th, 1861
When Union General Schenck was attacked near Vienna, it was still early
in the war when Union and Confederate skirmishing occurred across Northern
Virginia. Schenck had over 697 troops with him, including 29 officers.
His men were travelling in railroad cars towards Vienna, when a Confederate
masked battery ambushed them. Schenck and his men had troubles because
the engine suffered damage in the attack, so they could not adequately
move to successfully counter the attack. The Union troops fled into the
Virginia woods as best they could. Schenck later blamed himself and other
officers for the attack, because they had not fully realized that Confederate
troops were very active in Northern Virginia, despite the Union presence.
Title: The Battle of Bull Run, Between the Federal Army, Commanded by
major General McDowell, and the Confederate Army, Under Generals Johnston
and Beauregard, on July 21st, 1861-Advance of the Federal Troops.
This engraving is of Battle of 1st Manassas, which was the first major
battle of the Civil War. The Battle of 1st Manassas was famous
for the fact that many civilians watched the battle, as if it were a sporting
event. The battle is also remembered for the origin of Confederate General
Thomas J. Jackson’s nickname of "Stonewall Jackson." Jackson received the
name because at one point during the battle, when Southern morale was low,
a Confederate soldier shouted out that Jackson was "standing like a stone
wall" against the advance of Union troops. An influx of fresh Confederate
troops by train eventually reinforced the Confederate line, including Jackson’s,
and turned the battle into a rout as Union troops fled in panic.
Title: The Civil War in America: Advanced Post of General Blunker's
Division Surprised at Annandale, Virginia, by Confederate Cavalry.
This print shows Confederate cavalry, with plumes and swords, overwhelming
Union troops who were equipped rifles! In general, the Confederate cavalry
was highly superior to the Union cavalry. During the first two years of
the Civil War, the Confederate cavalry often ran circles around their Union
counterparts. This has been attributed to the fact that the South was largely
an agricultural society and so most Southern soldiers had more experience
with riding horses and livestock, unlike the Northern soldiers who
grew up in a predominantly urban society.
Title: Historical Map of Virginia and Adjacent Maryland Showing the
Main Points of Historic Interest and the Main Traveled Automobile Routes.
This map shows various automobile routes for travelers interested in
visiting historical sites in Virginia. Some of the sites which are included
are: Jamestown and early English settlements, and Colonial Virginia sites
including Williamsburg, Monticello and houses of distinguished men of the
time, such as George Mason. There are also Civil War battlefields shown
on the map as well as some 20th Century sites relating to Woodrow
Wilson.
Title: Central View in Leesburg.
This engraving shows the town of Leesburg, sixteen years prior to the
Civil War. Leesburg was, and is, a part of Loudoun County, Virginia , and
is only forty miles from Washington. It was originally established in September
1758, as an outpost fort for the early Virginia colonies. By 1900, Leesburg
was still a small town in Virginia and only had 1,513 people living there.
Title: Potomac River (in four sheets) Sheet No. 3 From Lower Cedar Point
to Indian Head.
This print is somewhat like print 53, because it is also a hydrographic
map of the Potomac River. Most depths of the Potomac on this map range
from 1 to 30 feet deep. Confederate forces successfully blockaded the Potomac
early on in the war, so Union supplies could not reach General McClellan’s
men for some time. The Confederate Army built river batteries on the land
bordering the Potomac as well, but they were not strong enough at points
north of the Occoquan River.
Title: Thorofare Gap Quadrangle Virginia 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic).
This map is another topographical map and was made by the U.S. Geological
Survey. The Bull Run Mountains are visible on the map, with a small area
where the Southern Railroad escapes through. The small area between the
mountains is Thorofare Gap. By 1951, about eight years after this map was
made, the state of Virginia had considerably extended highways into areas
like Prince William County.
Title: Library Atlas of the World-Virginia-Virginia Railroads.
This print shows the many railroad lines in use in Virginia in 1912. After the end of WWI, though, many American railroads began to decline. This was due to both labor problems and difficulties with materials. Electric trolleys were the "cutting edge" in transportation in Virginia because most Virginians did not even have electricity in their homes. Automobiles would eventually become popular, although they were not very practical in Virginia, even by 1917, because areas were still largely rural, even in Fairfax County. Title: Map of Battle-Grounds of August 28th, 29th,& 30th, 1862 in
the Vicinity of Groveton, Prince William Co., VA.
This print of the Manassas battlefield is essentially the same print
as print 54. The Battle of 2nd Manassas was a victory for the
South, largely because Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s
line held for two days against Union assaults. Reinforcements were able
to arrive to shift the battle in the Confederate Army’s favor, because
of Jackson’s men. The Confederate victory at 2nd Manassas opened
up the possibilities for an offensive move by Confederate General Robert
E. Lee, which culminated in his Maryland Campaign.
Title: 7 Composite Battlefield Maps, Including the Battles of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania County, the Vicinity of Richmond, the Shenandoah Valley, Wickham’s
Attack on Federal Cavalry, Gaines’ Mill and Hanover Junction.
The seven composite maps of print 66 include battlefield maps of the
Battle of the Wilderness, as well as conflicts in Spotsylvania County,
near the vicinity of Richmond, in the Shenandoah Valley, an attack on Federal
Cavalry, the Battle of Gaines’ Mill and at Hanover Junction. All of these
composite maps were made by Jed Hotchkiss. Hotchkiss was one of the best-known
topographers that the Confederates used to make battlefield maps. He worked
for General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson during the war. A large majority
of his maps, including battlefields in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania
are preserved at the Library of Congress.
Title: Map Showing the Shenandoah Valley.
The Shenandoah Valley has often been called "God’s gift to the Confederacy."
This is due in part because it was a major agricultural "bread-basket"
to the South throughout the war. It was also militarily strategic because
one could threaten Washington easily and then quickly return into the dense
brush that it offered. As a cultural side note, during the 19th
Century, the people who lived in the Shenandoah were ethnically from Scots-Irish
ancestry and German descent. They were also known to have a "frontier mindset"
and to be very individualistic.
Title: Map from Gettysburg, PA. to Fredericksburg, VA.
This map reaches from Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, all the way down
to Fredericksburg, Virginia. This was the main theater of war in the east
during 1863. Gettysburg itself was one of the most famous battles in the
Civil War, if not the most well-known. By the time of Confederate General
Robert E. Lee’s invasion of the North to Gettysburg in 1863, he knew that
he did not have the manpower and resources to invade a second time. Although
many feel that Gettysburg was the Confederacy’s swan song, the South would
bitterly fight two more years for their independence.
Title: Map of Bull Run and Environs.
This map shows the land where the Battles of 1st and 2nd
Manassas took place. It also shows both the Orange and Alexandria Railroad,
as well as both the Bull Run and Cub Run rivers. The Bull Run River itself
was described as a "moat" at the time. The South occupied the side of the
Bull Run River in the Battle of 1st Manassas, which had steep
banks, which was helpful as a defensive measure. Because of this advantage,
Confederate General Beauregard used the Bull Run River as his front for
eight miles.
Title: Camp in the Woods Near Leesburg, Loudoun County, Virginia-Virginia
Infantry.
This engraving shows a Union camp under General Stone, in Loudoun County,
Virginia. The artist who made this engraving for Harper’s Weekly,
followed Stone’s men as they crossed the stream nearby. As they approached
Leesburg, Confederate forces attacked them. Eventually, the Union forces
under General Stone had to retreat, because of 8,000 Confederate reinforcements
who arrived later in the day. Many Union soldiers were shot while crossing
the river back again.
Title: Johnson's Virginia, Delaware, Maryland & West Virginia.
This map was done by Johnson & Ward, who also did print 45, which
showed the area of McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign. This map shows the
counties of Virginia prominently as well as the recent border split between
Virginia and the new state of West Virginia. The western areas of Virginia
did not agree with the decision to secede from the Union and were able
to form their own separate state by the Federal government.
Title: Views on the Potomac Below Washington [4 Views].
This print was done relatively early in the war, in May of 1861. It
shows a peaceful and tranquil scene overall, despite the fighting between
Union and Confederate forces in Northern Virginia at the time. Mount Vernon
is visible in the distance.
Title: Manassas Junction, Showing the Evacuated Confederate Fortifications,
Abandoned Camps and Wagons, and the Ruins of the Railway Depot and other
Buildings Burnt by the Confederates [German Language Print from Frank Leslie's
Illustrated Newspaper].
This print shows a similar scene at Manassas Junction as earlier prints
did of Centreville, because the area is an abandoned wasteland. Confederate
General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s men decimated and confiscated the
food and other supplies stored at Manassas Junction by the Union Army.
Manassas Junction in itself was a small "town" at the time, because it
only boasted six residential houses and a poorly constructed train depot.
Title: [9 Composites Depicting the Death and Funeral of E.E. Ellsworth,
the first Union Soldier killed in the Civil War, German Language Print]
E.E. Ellsworth was a Colonel in the Union Army, from a New York Zouave
unit. Ellsworth became angry at seeing a Confederate flag flying over a
house in Alexandria that was owned by James William Jackson. Ellsworth
took the flag down and was promptly shot by Jackson on the stairs of his
house. A Union Corporal who had gone with Ellsworth then shot Jackson.
Ellsworth’s subsequent funeral is shown in this print as well.
Title: [Union Flotilla on the Potomac between Freestone-Point, Virginia,
and Indian Head, Maryland, German Language Print with 3 Scenes].
The Potomac River and naval power were vital to both the Union and Confederate
war efforts. Although the Union blockade of the South is well-known, the
Confederates successfully blockaded the Potomac River after the Battle
of Manassas. As far as naval industry went, the North had a vibrant shipbuilding
industry before the war, while the Confederacy did not even have a navy
when the Civil War began.
Title: [Officers at the Headquarters of General Smith, Falls Church,
Virginia, German Language Print with 3 Scenes].
The area of Falls Church, where this print was drawn, was also called
"Falls Village" in the caption of this engraving. The "Falls Church" was
an Episcopalian church, which Robert E. Lee was known to attend. The Falls
Church still exists at present day. General Smith’s headquarters, which
are the primary subject of this engraving, was at Taylor’s Tavern, which
inhabited the area where the Seven Corners shopping center is today.
Title: [Surveyors and Manual Laborers in Falls Church, German Language
Print with 3 Scenes].
This engraving portrays surveyors working in the area of Falls Church
as well. The engraving includes several local sites, including Munson Hill
and the Fairfax Seminary. Union and Confederate pickets are included in
the print’s landscape as well.
Title: Topographical Map of Virginia between Washington and Manassas
Junction.
This print shows the relatively large size of areas like Manassas Junction,
compared to Washington, at the time of the Civil War. Manassas Junction
was strategic as a railroad connector, because it could transport troops
into Central Virginia as well as the Shenandoah Valley. The Battles of
1st and 2nd Manassas were crucial for the Confederacy
to win, because of the railroad junctions there. The Civil War has often
been called the first "Railroad War," because of how important railroads
were throughout the conflict.
Title: Bird’s Eye View of Alexandria, VA. [11 Prints]
Charles Magnus was one of the few printers who were allowed unlimited
access to visit Union camps, hospitals and even battlefields. His prints
of a "Bird’s Eye View of Alexandria, VA." were from part of a series of
"patriotic envelopes." At that time, the U.S. Postal Service charged a
fee for the number of sheets that comprised a letter and envelopes counted
as a sheet. Because of this, a market emerged for decorated envelopes,
since most people who sent letters were still going to place them in some
sort of envelope. Charles Magnus remained an active printer after the Civil
War, until he died in 1900.
Title: Manuscript Map of Virginia west of Washington, D.C.
This is a very fragile, hand drawn map of Northern Virginia that was
made at the time of the Civil War. It is a fairly simple map, because it
was made with colored pencils, as well as some ink. At the same time, it
is an amazingly extensive and accurate map for something that was hand
drawn. The map shows the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Orange and Alexandria
railroad, as well as Long Bridge and Chain Bridge in current-day Arlington.
The artist also drew in the island in the Potomac that would eventually
become the "Theodore Roosevelt Island" in the 20th Century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY PERIODICALS Editorial. "Camp in the Woods Near Leesburg, Loudoun County,
Virginia-Virginia Infantry." Harper’s Weekly, 9
Editorial. "A Confederate Scout Watching Union Troops
Near Falls Church, VA." Pictorial War Record, [ca. 1861],
Editorial. "Army Beef Swimming the Occoquan River, Virginia." Harper’s Weekly, 4 July 1863, 427-428. Editorial. "A Topographical Map of EASTERN VIRGINIA from
"Fredericksburg" to "Richmond," taken from tracings (now in the possession
of the Government) of the original Railroad Surveys of this portion
of the St State, comprising the Topography for six miles on each side of
the track. This is the only reliable map of the
Editorial. "The Campaign in Virginia." Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 3 May 1862, 1-2. Editorial. "The Civil War in America: Confederate Prisoners Captured by United States’ Pickets between Fairfax and Manassas Junction, Virginia." The Illustrated London News, 17 August 1861, 151-152. Editorial. "The Civil War in America: Embarkation on a
Portion of the Army of the Potomac at Alexandria, Near
Editorial. "The Civil War in America: Unionist Scouting
Party in the Virginia Woods in the Neighborhood of
Editorial. "Sheridan’s Campaign-Battle of Winchester-Charge
of Crook’s 8th Corps-The Right." Frank Leslie’s
Editorial. "Sheridan’s Campaign-Battle of Winchester-Position
of the 19th Corps, Gen. Emery, Sept. 19-The Centre."
Editorial. "Testing the Large Rifled Gun "Union" for the
First Time, at Fort Monroe, in the Presence of Generals
ABSTRACTS AND JOURNALS Buten, Harry M. "Charles Magnus, Versatile Printer." The
American-German Review 3 (February-March
Harrison, Noel G. "Atop an Anvil." The Virginia Magazine
of History and Biography 106, No. 2 (Spring 1998)
Marsh, Raymond, A.P.S. "Some Characteristics of Charles
Magnus and His Products (1826-1900)." The American
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS Adler, John, Publisher. "More About Harper’s Weekly,"
Harpweek,
1997-1999 [database on-line]; available from
"Historic City Plans and Views 1851 to 1875." Available
from http://www.galaxymaps.com/Ahs1851.htm;
BOOKS Artemel, Janice, Patricia Hickin, Nan Netherton, Patrick
Reed, and Donald Sweig, eds. Fairfax County, Virginia:
Catton, Bruce, narrative, James M. McPherson and Noah
Andre Trudeau, eds. The American Heritage New History
Ehrenberg, Ralph E. And Seymour I. Schwartz. The Mapping of America. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1980. Evans, D’Anne. Prince William County: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company, 1989. Head, James W. History and Comprehensive Description
of Loudoun County Virginia. [Place of Publication
The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, Inc.
Yearbook,
Vol. 2. Vienna, Virginia: The Historical
The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, Inc.
Yearbook,
Vol. 3. Vienna, Virginia: The Historical Society
Lancaster, Mary H. and Dallas M. The Civil War Diary
of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia. Birmingham,
McPherson, James M. Ordeal By Fire : Volume II The
Civil War. Second Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-
Morton, Frederic. The Story of Winchester in Virginia. Strasburg, Virginia: Shenandoah Publishing House, 1925. Netherton, Nan and Eleanor Lee Templeman. Northern Virginia Heritage. Arlington, Virginia: Privately Published by Eleanor Lee Templeman, 1966. Netherton, Nan and Ross Netherton. Fairfax County in
Virginia: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, Virginia: The
Netherton, Nan and Whitney Von Lake Wyckoff. Fairfax
Station: All Aboard! Fairfax Station, Virginia: The
Paine, Albert Bigelow. Th. Nast: His Period and His
Pictures. Gloucester, Massachusetts: The Pearson Publishing
Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson : The Man,
The Soldier, The Legend. New York, New York:
Rose, C.B., Jr. Arlington County Virginia: A History. Baltimore, Maryland: Port City Press, Inc., 1976. Scheel, Eugene M. The Civil War in Fauquier County
Virginia. Waterford, Virginia: Privately Published,
Steadman, Melvin Lee, Jr. Falls Church by Fence and
Fireside. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc.,
Turner, Fitzhugh. Loudoun County and the Civil War:
A History and Guide. Leesburg, Virginia:
Wert, Jeffry D. Mosby’s Rangers. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. Whitt, Jane Chapman. Elephants and Quaker Guns. Arlington, Virginia: Vandamere Press, 1984. Wingfield, Marshall. A History of Caroline County Virginia.
Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical
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